1. HOW TO MAKE ELECTROMAGNET FROM IRON NAIL | ELECTROMAGNETISM EXPERIMENTS | SECRETS OF PHYSICS

Experiment: How to Make an Electromagnet Using a Nail

Aim:
To make a simple electromagnet using a nail, insulated copper wire, and a battery, and to study how electric current produces magnetism.
Materials Required
1 iron nail (medium or large size)
Insulated copper wire (about 50–100 cm)
1 or 2 dry cells (1.5 V AA batteries or a 9 V battery)
Paper clips / small iron pins (for testing)
Tape (optional, for fixing)
Wire stripper or sandpaper (to remove insulation at ends)

Theory
When electric current flows through a conductor (like copper wire), it produces a magnetic field around it.
If this wire is wound around an iron nail, the nail becomes a temporary magnet.
This is called Electromagnetism.
More turns of wire + more current = stronger electromagnet.

Procedure
Take the iron nail and clean it if rusty (optional).
Take the insulated copper wire and remove insulation from both ends using sandpaper or a cutter.
Tightly wind the wire around the nail, leaving about 5–10 cm wire free at both ends.
Make neat coils—the tighter and more uniform, the better the magnet.
Secure the wire with tape if necessary to keep the coil in place.
Connect one end of the wire to the positive terminal of the battery.
Connect the other end of the wire to the negative terminal of the battery.
The nail will instantly become an electromagnet when current flows.
Bring the tip of the nail near paper clips or iron pins.
Observe that the nail attracts the pins—magnetic effect of electric current.
Disconnect the battery after use to avoid heating and draining of the battery.

Observations
When connected to the battery, the nail picks up paper clips.
When disconnected, the nail loses magnetism (temporary magnet).
More coil turns → stronger magnet.
Using a stronger battery (like 9 V) → stronger magnet (but wire may heat).

Result:
An electromagnet was successfully made using a nail.
The experiment shows that electric current produces magnetism, and the strength of the electromagnet depends on the number of turns and current.
Safety Notes
Do not touch the bare metal part of the wire immediately after long use; it may get warm.
Disconnect the battery when the experiment is over to prevent overheating.

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