12. Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) | USMLE Step 1 Pathology

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Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) is a complex and life-threatening condition characterized by widespread activation of coagulation pathways throughout the body, leading to both thrombosis and hemorrhage. 🩸⚡️ It typically occurs secondary to underlying systemic illnesses such as sepsis, trauma, malignancy, or obstetric complications. In DIC, there is an imbalance between procoagulant and anticoagulant factors, resulting in the consumption of clotting factors and platelets, which subsequently leads to bleeding tendencies. 🩸💧 Additionally, the formation of microthrombi within small blood vessels can lead to ischemia and multiorgan dysfunction. Key laboratory findings include prolonged prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), decreased fibrinogen levels, and thrombocytopenia. Treatment involves addressing the underlying cause, supportive measures such as blood product transfusions, and occasionally, anticoagulant therapy to prevent further thrombosis. Understanding the pathophysiology and management of DIC is crucial for medical practitioners across various specialties, as prompt recognition and intervention are essential for improving patient outcomes. 🏥💡

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