American Revolution to Civil War Explained | Enlightenment Ideas, Slavery & Federalism | UPSC GS 1

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In this lecture, we explore the historical journey of the United States from the American Revolution (1776) to the American Civil War (1861–1865), with a strong focus on Enlightenment philosophy, constitutional development, slavery, and federalism.

The session begins with the 13 American colonies declaring independence from British rule due to excessive taxation and lack of political representation, famously expressed as “No Taxation Without Representation.” Key events like the Boston Massacre and Boston Tea Party are discussed, along with the leadership of George Washington and the decisive victory at Yorktown.

We then examine why the US Constitution is called an Enlightenment document, drawing from thinkers like John Locke (Natural Rights & Consent of the Governed), Montesquieu (Separation of Powers), Rousseau (Social Contract), and Voltaire (Freedom of Speech & Religious Tolerance). Relevant comparisons are also made with the Indian Constitution.

The lecture further explains the economic and social divide between Northern and Southern states, highlighting:

Industrial and urban North

Slave-based plantation economy in the South

Expansion towards the Pacific at the cost of Native Americans

This conflict over slavery and regional interests ultimately led to the American Civil War, the secession of Southern states, and their final defeat in 1865.

📌 Extremely useful for:

UPSC GS Paper I (World History)

UPSC Essay (Liberty, Equality, Democracy)

Political theory & comparative constitution

State PSC and university exams

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