how to measure an electron's spin?

​In quantum mechanics, measuring an electron's spin yields only two possible outcomes: "spin up" or "spin down." This phenomenon was first demonstrated in the Stern–Gerlach experiment, where particles passing through a non-uniform magnetic field were deflected in one of two directions, revealing the quantized nature of spin .​

This discrete result underscores the fundamental principle that certain quantum properties, like spin, are inherently quantized. When an electron's spin is measured along a specific axis, such as the vertical (z-axis), it is found to be either aligned ("up") or anti-aligned ("down") with that axis, with no intermediate states .​

This binary outcome is a cornerstone of quantum theory, illustrating how measurement affects the state of a quantum system and highlighting the departure from classical expectations.​

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