Article 25–28 Explained: Freedom of Religion Essential Religious Test, Waqf Board | UPSC CSE/SSC

Articles 25–28 for UPSC/SSC: Freedom of conscience, profession, practice, and propagation (Art. 25), denomination rights incl. property and administration (Art. 26), no dedicated taxes for promoting religion (Art. 27), and rules on religious instruction/worship in schools (Art. 28), with high-yield case laws and PYQ angles.
Key coverage:Article 25: Scope of conscience, profession, practice, propagate; kirpan; state’s power to regulate secular activities and social reform; Stanislaus (propagate ≠ convert; no force/fraud/allurement).
Article 26: Denomination rights to manage religious affairs and property; Shirur Mutt on secular vs religious affairs; Santhara debate; temple entry jurisprudence and ERP test limits, Waqf Board, Shrine Boards
Article 27: No specific tax for promoting a particular religion; fee for shrine management permissible; Haj subsidy phase-out timeline and rationale.
Article 28: Difference between religious instruction vs religious education; categories—state-owned, aided/recognized, and endowment institutions; Aruna Roy and school prayers nuance.




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article 26 religious denomination rights
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article 28 religious instruction in schools
stanislaus case propagate convert
shirur mutt case summary
essential religious practices test
aruna roy religious education case
haj subsidy phase out 2018
school prayers article 28 waqf amendment act
propagate vs convert upsc
denomination property rights article 26
secular vs religious affairs management
women entry shrines sabarimala context
santhara case jain practice
upsc polity fundamental rights religion
gs2 freedom of religion notes
ssc polity articles 25 to 28
indian constitution religion and state
places of worship act context (reference)


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