Women's Rights in Pakistan

Constitutional guarantees of equality and specific laws to protect women against discrimination, harassment, and violence. However, challenges persist, such as practical difficulties in claiming inheritance, weak enforcement of laws, and cultural barriers, despite legal provisions for rights in areas like marriage, divorce, and work. Recent legal reforms have introduced stricter penalties for crimes and aimed to safeguard women's property and workplace rights. 

Legal framework and constitutional rights

Constitutional guarantees: The Constitution of Pakistan guarantees all citizens are equal before the law and entitled to equal protection of the law (Article 25), and mandates state measures to ensure women's full participation in all spheres of life (Article 34).

Specific legislation: Various laws address specific rights and protections, including:

Marriage and family: The Muslim Family Laws Ordinance (MFLO) 1961 grants women the right to consent to marriage and seek divorce (khula).

Workplace: The Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act 2010 protects women from harassment.

Property: The Punjab Enforcement of Women's Property Rights Act, 2021 provides specific protection against coercion or fraud regarding property rights.

Criminal law: Reforms have introduced stricter penalties for rape and child abuse under the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act 2021. Other laws aim to combat forced marriage and honor killings.

International commitments: Pakistan has ratified several international conventions, such as the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). 

Persistent challenges

Enforcement and awareness: A significant gap exists between the legal rights and their practical application due to factors like weak enforcement, lack of awareness, and social pressure.

Property rights: Despite legal provisions, women may face challenges claiming their inheritance due to family pressure or social backlash.

Cultural barriers: Cultural norms and practices can hinder the full realization of women's rights, even where laws exist to protect them. 

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