GOC - ONE SHOT REVISION (part 1) | NEET | JEE

General Organic Chemistry, often called GOC, is the foundation of organic chemistry. It covers the fundamental concepts and rules that explain why and how chemical reactions happen between carbon-based molecules.

Instead of just memorizing reactions, GOC helps you understand the "logic" behind them. Here is a simple breakdown of the core pillars:

1. Electronic Effects
These are the forces that move electrons around within a molecule. Since chemistry is essentially the movement of electrons, understanding these is crucial:

Inductive Effect: The permanent displacement of electrons along a chain of atoms due to differences in how strongly atoms pull on electrons.

Resonance: This happens when electrons are "delocalized" or shared across several atoms, making the molecule more stable.

Electromeric Effect: A temporary movement of electrons that only happens when a reagent (another chemical) attacks the molecule.

Hyperconjugation: A way that neighboring bonds help stabilize an empty or partially empty space for electrons.

2. Bond Fission (Breaking Bonds)
For a reaction to occur, old bonds must break. This happens in two ways:

Homolytic Fission: The bond breaks evenly, and each atom takes one electron, creating "Free Radicals."

Heterolytic Fission: The bond breaks unevenly. One atom takes both electrons (becoming negative), and the other gets none (becoming positive).

3. Reaction Intermediates
When bonds break but new ones haven't fully formed yet, we get short-lived, highly reactive species:

Carbocations: Carbon atoms with a positive charge.

Carbanions: Carbon atoms with a negative charge.

Free Radicals: Atoms with a single, unpaired electron.

4. Attacking Reagents
These are the "players" that start a reaction:

Electrophiles: "Electron-lovers." They are short on electrons and look for negative areas to attack.


Nucleophiles: "Nucleus-lovers." They have extra electrons and look for positive areas to attack.

5. Isomerism
GOC also explains how molecules can have the exact same chemical formula but different shapes or arrangements. This is important because different shapes can lead to completely different chemical behaviors.