[4K] China Beijing Walking tour｜北京城市漫遊｜虎坊橋 南北新華街 和平門｜新華南北｜沉浸式環境音 ASMR

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📍 地點：虎坊路 → 南新華街 → 北新華街

明清年間，北京共有二十座城門，也就是常說的「裡九外七皇城四」。民國期間，又陸續開闢了和平門、建國門與復興門。嚴格而言，這三座「民國三門」並非真正的城門，因其無城台、城樓，也無甕城，只是在城牆上打開了一個通道，可視為「豁口」。

雖然只是開一個門洞，但在權力更迭頻繁的民國時期，要推動此事並不容易。以和平門為例，從京都市政公所提出計畫到工程完工，竟耗費十餘年。

民國三年（1914 年），新成立的京都市政公所計畫以新華門為起點修建一條南北向主幹道，北連總統府（中南海），南通廠甸與虎坊橋，便於交通並可刺激經濟發展。然而，若要修通此路，就需在南城牆根部的化石橋位置開門洞，這在當時頗具爭議。

帝制時期，內外城的通連關乎皇權，不可隨意打通。經商辦事只能繞正陽門或宣武門。民國後，國門已開，市民希望在南城牆另開通道，但前門大街的商戶擔心人潮分散、影響生意，於是散布「隨意開門會使王氣外泄」的言論。袁世凱迷信，又在謀求帝位，因此否決了此事。

1918 年，南、北新華街雖大致建成，但化石橋城牆未開洞，因此道路無法貫通。陳獨秀曾在《北京十大特色》中批評：「一條好好的新華街馬路，修到城根便止住了。」

1924 年底，冯玉祥入京後，商會為能讓電車通行新華街，再度提出開門案。冯玉祥同意，並交由京畿警備司令兼北京市政督辦鹿鍾麟負責。鹿鍾麟曾負責溥儀出宮，行事迅速，他不僅動員部隊，也親自揮鎬拆牆，最終在化石橋位置打開豁口。

豁口雖開，但真正的城門工程仍需設計、建橋與後續建設。1926 年 1 月，京都市政公所重啟和平門工程，經費主要由京漢鐵路局負責。工程持續一年，到年底完工。

最終建成兩個高 13 米、寬 10 米，並各裝兩扇鐵門的門洞，護城河上也建成了混凝土橋。不過，此時北京的統治者又換成了張作霖。

和平門於 1927 年正式落成。原計畫命名為「新華門」，與南、北新華街呼應；但因避免與中南海新華門混淆，加上當時厭戰情緒濃厚，最終改名為「和平門」，並邀請書法家華世奎題匾。

城門開通時，適逢北伐軍節節勝利，北京居民多在門楣上書「中正和平」。張作霖嫌「和平」二字與北伐軍領袖蔣介石字「中正」相關，便改為「興華」。1928 年奉軍撤退，興華門又改回和平門，原匾額也重新掛上，一直到城門被拆除。

1958 年 5 月，為紓解北京交通壓力，和平門門洞被拆除，留下寬 70 米的城牆豁口，中間鋪上瀝青道路。1960 年代，因修建地鐵，和平門東西兩側的城牆也被拆除。然而「和平門」這個地名保留至今，成為城市記憶的一部分。

和平門的開通，使南、北新華街得以相連，也大大促進了廠甸的繁榮。

和平門以南在元代是官窯舊址，燒製琉璃瓦，因此得名琉璃廠。明嘉靖年間外城建成後，官窯遷至門頭溝琉璃渠，但此地仍沿用舊名。清代時，這裡成為舉子們備考的聚集地，各類古玩書肆也集中於此。

民國六年（1917 年），在琉璃廠與南新華街交界處建成海王村公園，並創辦廠甸廟會。廠甸廟會為唯一官辦的廟會，以書籍古玩、字畫文具聞名，被稱作「文市」。和平門的開通，使「逛廠甸」更加便捷，攤販沿南新華街兩側無限蔓延。據統計，當時北京人口不足兩百萬，但廟會半月來客量竟達數十萬。

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📍 Location: Hufang Road → South Xinhua Street → North Xinhua Street

During the Republic of China, three openings—Hepingmen, Jianguomen, and Fuxingmen—were cut into Beijing’s old city wall. They were simply traffic passages without towers or defensive structures.

Creating even such a passage was politically difficult. Plans for Hepingmen took more than a decade.

In 1914, the Capital Municipality proposed a north–south avenue linking Xinhua Gate with Liulichang and Hufangqiao, which required opening the wall near Huashi Bridge. Merchants around Zhengyangmen opposed the idea, fearing loss of business, and spread superstitions that a new gate would “drain the city’s vital energy.” Yuan Shikai, preparing his imperial restoration, rejected the proposal.

By 1918, North and South Xinhua Streets were built, yet the unopened wall created a dead end. Chen Duxiu mocked this: “A fine street ends beneath the city wall—truly absurd.”

After Feng Yuxiang entered Beijing in 1924, business leaders renewed the request, especially for the planned tram line. Feng approved it and tasked General Lu Zhonglin with the work. Lu quickly ordered the demolition and opened the long-delayed passage.

A proper gate was still needed. In 1926, construction resumed with funding from the Beijing–Hankou Railway Bureau. By 1927, two iron-arched openings and a concrete bridge over the moat were completed.
The gate was named Hepingmen (“Gate of Peace”), avoiding confusion with Zhongnanhai’s Xinhua Gate. Calligrapher Hua Shikui wrote the plaque.
Zhang Zuolin disliked the word “Heping,” thinking it echoed Chiang Kai-shek’s courtesy name, and temporarily renamed it “Xinghua Gate.” After 1928, the original name returned.

In 1958, the gate structure was removed for road expansion, and later subway work led to the loss of nearby wall sections. Still, the name Hepingmen remains.

The opening linked Xinhua Street’s north–south sections and strengthened nearby commercial areas such as Liulichang and Dashilan.

South of Hepingmen lies Liulichang, named for the Yuan-era glaze kilns once located here. Although the kilns moved to Mentougou in the Ming period, the name persisted.
In the Qing dynasty, Liulichang became a cultural hub known for its bookstores, antiques, and stationery shops.

In 1917, Haiwangcun Park was built at the junction of Liulichang and South Xinhua Street, reviving the famous Changdian Temple Fair—once Beijing’s best-known cultural market, attracting huge crowds daily. The opening of Hepingmen further increased its prosperity as vendors expanded south along Xinhua Street.

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🗺️地圖 (Map):
1. 虎坊路 Hufang Road: https://maps.app.goo.gl/15aH1irRrq5gk...
2. 南新華街 South Xinhua Street: https://maps.app.goo.gl/PFfGGNnjEBnkP...
3. 北新華街 North Xinhua Street: https://maps.app.goo.gl/DtVwsAYVaghCz...

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時間軸 Timeline
0:00 概覽 Overview
1:21 虎坊路 Hufang Road
16:35 虎坊橋十字路口 Hufangqiao Crossroads
19:58 南新華街 South Xinhua Street
33:58 琉璃廠西街東口 The east entrance of Liulichang West Street
39:56 北京師範大學附屬中學 The High School Affiliated to Beijing Normal University
46:16 和平門十字路口 Hepingmen (Gate) Crossroads
48:45 北新華街 North Xinhua Street

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#beijing #citywalk #北京 #城市漫步 #旅行 #china #中國 #ASMR #和平門

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