Critical Frequency (Definition, Basics, Derivation, Formula & Calculation) Explained

Critical Frequency of Sky Wave Propagation is explained by the following outlines in a unit of Wave Propagation:

1. Critical Frequency
2. Definition of Critical Frequency
3. Basics of Critical Frequency
4. Critical Frequency in Sky Wave Propagation
5. Derivation of Critical Frequency
6. Formula of Critical Frequency
7. Calculation of Critical Frequency

Chapter-wise detailed Syllabus of the Antennas and Wave Propagation Course is as follows:

Chapter-1 Antenna Parameters:    • Antenna Parameters  
Radiation Pattern, Antenna Radiation Density and Radiated Power, Antenna Radiation Intensity, Antenna Beam Efficiency, Beam Angle & Beam Solid Angle, Antenna Radiation Efficiency, Antenna Directivity, Antenna Gain, Antenna Apertures, Polarization, Friis Transmission formula, Antenna Field Zone, Radiation Resistance, Retarded Potential, Reflection Coefficient and VSWR, Antenna Temperature, Effective height of Antenna, Reciprocity theorem of Antenna.

Chapter-2 Dipole Antenna:    • Dipole Antenna  
Types of Dipole Antenna, How Dipole Antenna Radiates in space, E field and H field in dipole antenna, Radiation resistance and radiated power of Hertzian dipole antenna, Radiation resistance and radiated power of halfwave dipole antenna, Dipole Antenna feeding techniques, Monopole antenna and imaginary ground concept of monopole antenna, Folded Dipole Antenna.

Chapter-3 Antenna Array:    • Antenna Array  
Basics of Antenna Array, Two Isotropic source array, Two point array separated by half wavelength, Two point array separated by wavelength, Radiation pattern of two point antenna array, Pattern Multiplication, Pattern Multiplication of four point sources, Pattern Multiplication of eight point sources, Binomial Array, Schelkunoff Polynomial array, Dolph Tchebyschedd array, Tchebyshev Polynomial, Phased Array, Frequency scanning array, Hansen woodyard end fire array, Smart Antenna.

Chapter-4 Loop Antenna, Helical Antenna & Yagi Uda Antenna:    • Loop Antenna, Helical Antenna & Yagi Uda A...  
Basics of Loop Antenna, Radiated Power and Radiation resistance of loop antenna, Details of Helical antenna, Designing of helical antenna, Problems on helical antenna, Yagi Uda antenna, Designing of Yagi Uda Antenna, Problems on Yagi Uda Antenna.

Chapter-5 Turnstile Antenna, Long wire Antenna, Travelling wave Antenna, V Antenna & Rhombic Antenna:    • Turnstile Antenna, Long wire Antenna, Trav...  
Details of Turnstile antenna, Long wire resonant antenna, Travelling wave antenna, Details and working of V antenna, Rhombic antenna, Designing of Rhombic antenna, Problems on Rhombic antenna, Antenna impedance matching.

Chapter-6 Horn Antenna, Reflector Antenna & Lens Antenna:    • Horn Antenna, Reflector Antenna & Lens Ant...  
Horn Antenna and it's radiation, Reflector Antenna, Feeding methods of reflector antenna, Aperture efficiency of reflector antenna, Problems on reflector antenna, Lens antenna and working principle of lens antenna, Comparison of reflector antenna & Lens antenna.

Chapter-7 Slot Antenna:    • Slot Antenna  
Babinet's principle, Slot antenna and radiation mechanism in slot antenna.

Chapter-8 Microstrip Antenna:    • Microstrip Antenna  
Microstrip Antenna basics, Feeding methods of Microstrip Antenna, Fringing effect of Microstrip Antenna, Designing of Microstrip Antenna, Example of Microstrip Antenna, PIFA antenna.

Chapter-9 Broad Band Antenna, Log Periodic Antenna & Spiral Antenna:    • Broad Band Antenna, Log Periodic Antenna &...  
Broad Band Antenna, Frequency Independent Antenna, Log Periodic Antenna, Structure of Log periodic antenna, Spiral Antenna, Radiation and Designing of Spiral antenna.

Chapter-10 Antenna Measurement:    • Antenna Measurement  
Radiation pattern measurement, Gain measurement, Source of error in gain measurement, Impedance measurement, Phase measurement, Polarization measurement, Spectrum Analyzer, Network Analyzer, VNA Calibration, Anechoic chamber.

Chapter-11 Wave Propagation:    • Wave Propagation  
Radio wave propagation, Ground wave propagation, Sky wave propagation, Space wave propagation, Duct propagation, Critical frequency, Maximum Usable frequency, Virtual height, Skip distance.

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