The Goodman Lectures 30 | The Reinvention of Chan Buddhism in 17th-Century China

禪悟與僧諍： 17世紀中國禪宗的重構
主講人：亞利桑那大學 吳疆教授
by Professor Jiang Wu of the University of Arizona

This lecture centers on the recent Chinese translation of Professor Jiang Wu’s monograph, offering a comprehensive examination of the complex history and reinvention of the Chan Buddhist tradition in 17th-century China. During the dynamic period from the late Ming to the early Qing dynasties, Chan Buddhism underwent significant ideological debates and sectarian divides, particularly concerning the transmission of dharma lineages and divergent understandings of the meaning of enlightenment. By reconstructing this often-overlooked tradition, the lecture seeks to uncover the rich tensions, intellectual exchanges, and internal conflicts within 17th-century Chan, inviting us to reevaluate its historical and religious significance at the Ming–Qing transition.

The lecture will begin with an overview of the religious landscape of 17th-century Chinese Buddhism, highlighting the development of Buddhist communities during the late Ming period, the influence of the literati on Chan Buddhism, and the reshaping and spread of the Linji and Caodong lineages. Attention will then turn to an internal Chan dispute over the nature of “awakening,” focusing on the intense opposition between Chan masters Miyun Yuanwu and Hanyue Fazang, as well as the political and religious involvement of the Yongzheng emperor in this debate. This conflict over awakening not only reveals differing interpretations of practice and enlightenment among Chan masters but also sheds light on the nuanced shifts in Buddhist authority and sectarian relations in late Ming and early Qing China. Additionally, the lecture will examine one of the central events in the dispute over dharma lineage: the “two Daowu” controversy, which involved the contrasting interpretations of Tianhuang Daowu and Tianwang Daowu. This conflict sparked prolonged debates within Chan circles from the late Ming into the early Qing and extended to Japan, exerting a lasting impact on East Asian Buddhism.

Given in Mandarin Chinese.

本講座圍繞吳疆教授的專著《禪悟與僧諍》展開，探討17世紀中國禪宗傳統的複雜發展和重構過程。在晚明至清初這一宗教與思想活躍的時代，禪宗經歷了重大的思想爭論和宗派分裂，尤其是在法脈傳承和宗旨理解上形成了尖銳的矛盾。通過還原和重構這一被遺忘的傳統，本講座為我們揭示了17世紀中國禪宗的豐富張力、思想交涉與內在矛盾，使我們重新認識禪宗在明清之際的歷史與思想意義。講座將介紹17世紀中國佛教的背景，重點關注晚明時期佛教社群的發展、文人對禪宗的影響，以及臨濟、曹洞兩大宗派的傳播與重塑。同時，講座將聚焦禪宗內部關於「悟」的爭論，尤其是密雲圓悟與漢月法藏的激烈對立，以及雍正皇帝在這場爭論中的政治與宗教角色。這場關於「悟」的論爭，既反映了不同禪宗祖師對修行和覺悟的理解差異，也揭示出明清之際佛教權威和宗派關係的微妙變化。本講座還將探討法脈之爭中的核心事件之一，即「兩道悟」之爭：天皇道悟與天王道悟的分歧。此爭論不僅在晚明至清初的禪宗圈中引發持久爭執，還遠播日本，對東亞佛教產生深遠影響。

中文講座 歡迎觀看

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Khyentse Foundation Goodman Lectures | A series of online lectures by leading Buddhist studies scholars.

The Goodman Lectures are organized in honor of long-time Khyentse Foundation friend and advisor Professor Steven D. Goodman (1945–2020), whose enduring vision to make academic talks available to people beyond the classroom inspired KF and our friends in academia to share their knowledge and insight with a more general audience.

The views expressed in the Goodman Lectures are those of the speakers, and do not necessarily reflect the views of Khyentse Foundation.

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