NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT | HOME SCIENCE | LEC 89 | UGC NET 2023 | BY ADITI MAAM

NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT | HOME SCIENCE | LEC 89 | UGC NET 2023 | BY ADITI MAAM

Evaluation of nutritional status is critical, either to identify if an individual has nutritional imbalance due to an underlying condition or to assess if an individual is likely to develop a pathological condition due to nutritional imbalance. A detailed, systematic evaluation of a patient's nutritional status conducted by healthcare providers in a team-based setting to diagnose malnutrition and identify underlying pathologies to plan intervention constitutes nutritional assessment. This article provides an overview of nutritional evaluation, including components of nutritional assessment, factors that affect nutritional status, and the role of interprofessional teams involved in managing patients at nutritional risks.

Objectives:

Explain the significance of nutritional assessment and summarize its components.
Identify factors that affect the nutritional status of individuals.
Describe challenges involved in nutritional assessment.
Summarize the role of interprofessional collaboration in performing the nutritional assessment of patients.

Food and nutrition are basic indispensable needs of humans. Nutrition plays a critical role in maintaining the health and well-being of individuals and is also an essential component of the healthcare delivery system. The nutritional status of individuals affects the clinical outcomes. Essential nutrients are classified into six groups, namely carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, minerals, vitamins, and water.

Nutritional requirements of healthy individuals depend on various factors, such as age, sex, and activity. Hence, recommended values of dietary intakes vary for each group of individuals. In the United States, the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institutes of Medicine (IOM) under the National Academy of Sciences issues nutrition recommendations for populations throughout the life span called Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs).

An imbalance in nutritional intake leads to malnutrition. The word ‘malnutrition’ is defined in multiple ways, and there is still no consensus. Traditionally, the term malnutrition has been used in the context of lack of energy intake or deficiencies of nutrients, under which two main conditions, namely marasmus, and kwashiorkor, are discussed. Marasmus primarily refers to energy or calorie deficiency, whereas kwashiorkor refers to protein deficiency characterized by peripheral edema.

However, the term malnutrition now includes conditions caused by both insufficient as well as excess intake of macronutrients and micronutrients.As per WHO guidelines, malnutrition encompasses three categories, namely,

Undernutrition (low weight-for-height, low height-for-age, and low weight-for-age),
Micronutrient (vitamins and minerals) deficiency or excess, and
Overnutrition (overweight, obesity, and other diet-related health conditions such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disorders, etc.).


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