OUR CONSTITUTION, OUR PRIDE

🇮🇳The Constitution of India🇮🇳
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is the supreme law of the country, which lays down how the nation is governed and what rights and duties citizens have.
It was adopted on 💫26 November 1949💫 and came into force on ⚡26 January 1950⚡, celebrated every year as Republic Day. Basic identityThe Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
It establishes a parliamentary system with a President as head of state and a Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister, responsible to the Lok Sabha.
Length and structureIt is one of the longest written constitutions in the world, with more than 400–470 Articles arranged in 25 Parts, 12 Schedules and several appendices, and has been amended over 100 times.
Originally it had 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 8 Schedules; over time, amendments have expanded and modified its provisions. Key values in the PreambleThe Preamble expresses core objectives: justice (social, economic and political), liberty, equality and fraternity.
Words “socialist” and “secular” were added to the Preamble by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment in 1976. Rights, principles and dutiesIt guarantees Fundamental Rights such as equality before law, freedoms (speech, association, movement), protection of life and personal liberty, and cultural and educational rights of minorities.
It also includes Directive Principles of State Policy (guidelines for making laws, like promoting welfare, reducing inequality) and Fundamental Duties (like respecting the Constitution, national flag, and promoting harmony), the latter formally added by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.
Federal but unitary tiltIndia has a federal system with three levels of government: Union, States, and local bodies (Panchayats and Municipalities), with powers divided through Union, State and Concurrent Lists.
At the same time, features such as a strong central government, single citizenship, integrated judiciary, and emergency provisions give it a “quasi‑federal” or “federal with unitary bias” character. Amendments and basic structureThe Constitution can be amended by Parliament, with some provisions needing a special majority and sometimes ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.
Through the 1973 Kesavananda Bharati case, the Supreme Court evolved the “Basic Structure Doctrine”, holding that core features like supremacy of the Constitution, secularism, federalism, judicial review, and the essence of the Preamble cannot be destroyed by amendment.
Historical and symbolic factsIt was drafted by a Constituent Assembly chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad, with the Drafting Committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, and took about 2 years 11 months of deliberations.
The original hand‑written Constitution is preserved in a special nitrogen‑filled case in the Parliament Library in New Delhi, reflecting its importance as the foundational legal document of India.
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