北京圆明园🇨🇳 Old Summer Palace 원명원 Antiguo Palacio de Verano 円明園 Ancien Palais d'Été

The Old Summer Palace, known in Chinese as Yuanming Yuan (圆 明 园; 圓 明 園; Yuánmíng Yuán; 'Gardens of Perfect Brightness'), and originally called the Imperial Gardens (御 园; 御 園; Yù Yuán), was a complex of palaces and gardens in present-day Haidian District, Beijing, China. It is 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) northwest of the walls of the former Imperial City section of Beijing. Constructed throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries, the Old Summer Palace was the main imperial residence of Qianlong Emperor of the Qing dynasty and his successors, and where they handled state affairs; the Forbidden City was used for formal ceremonies. Widely perceived as the pinnacle work of Chinese imperial garden and palace design, the Old Summer Palace was known for its extensive collection of gardens, its building architecture and numerous art and historical treasures. It was reputed as the "Garden of Gardens" (万园之园; 萬園之園; wàn yuán zhī yuán) in its heyday.
In 1860, during the Second Opium War, as the Anglo-French expedition force relentlessly approached Beijing, two British envoys, a journalist for The Times and a small escort of British and Indian troopers were sent to meet Prince Yi under a flag of truce to negotiate a Qing surrender. Meanwhile, the French and British troops reached the palace and conducted extensive looting and destruction. Later on, as news emerged that the negotiation delegation had been imprisoned and tortured, resulting in 20 deaths, the British High Commissioner to China, Lord Elgin, retaliated by ordering the complete destruction of the palace, which was then carried out by British troops. The palace was so large – covering more than 800 acres – that it took 4,000 men 3 days of burning to destroy it.Many exquisite artworks – sculptures, porcelain, jade, silk robes, elaborate textiles, gold objects and more – were stolen and are now found in 47 museums around the world, according to UNESCO.The Imperial Gardens at the Old Summer Palace were made up of three gardens:
Garden of Perfect Brightness (圆明园; 圓明園
Garden of Eternal Spring (长春园; 長春園
Garden of Elegant Spring (绮春园; 綺春園
Together, they covered an area of 3.5 square kilometres (860 acres), almost five times the size of the Forbidden City grounds and eight times the size of the Vatican City. Hundreds of structures, such as halls, pavilions, temples, galleries, gardens, lakes and bridges, stood on the grounds.In addition, hundreds of examples of Chinese artwork and antiquities were stored in the halls, along with unique copies of literary works and compilations. Several famous landscapes of southern China had been reproduced in the Imperial Gardens.

원명원(중국어 간체자: 圆明园, 정체자: 圓明園, 병음: Yuánmíngyuán 위안밍위안[*])은 중국 청(淸)나라 때 베이징 근교에 있던 이궁(離宮)이다. 현재는 베이징 시 하이뎬 구에 위치하고 있으며, 면적은 3.5km2에 이른다.1707년(강희 48년), 청조 4대 황제 강희제가 옹친왕 윤진에게 하사한 정원이 그 기원이 된다. 윤진이 옹정제로 즉위한 이후 1725년(옹정 3년) 여러 건물이 증축되었고, 정원도 확장되었다.
건륭제의 시대에는 원명원의 동쪽으로 〈장춘원〉(長春園), 남동으로 〈기춘원〉(綺春園)(후에 〈만춘원〉(萬春園)이라고 개칭)이 건설되었다. (이 원명원, 창춘원, 기춘원을 총칭하여, 광의의 원명원이 된다). 창춘원 북쪽에는 예수회 사도의 브노와, 카스틸리오네 등이 설계와 관계되어 분수가 설치된 서양풍의 건물이 지어졌다. 가경제의 시대에도 대규모 수축을 해 양저우로부터 최고급의 창호를 들여왔다. 그리고 〈문원각〉(文源閣)에는 사고전서(四庫全書)의 정본을 소장하였다. 그러나 1856년(함풍 6년)에 발발한 애로호 전쟁(제2차 아편전쟁) 때 베이징까지 프랑스·영국 연합군이 침입하여 철저하게 약탈당하고 파괴되어, 원명원은 폐허가 되었다. 이후 1백년 동안 문화대혁명 등에 의해 원명원은 완전한 폐허로 방치되었다.

圆明园位于中华人民共和国北京市海淀区，是一组清代的大型皇家园林，由圆明园及其附园长春园和绮春园（后改称万春园）组成，通称为“圆明三园”，占地350公顷，约合5,200亩[1]。圆明园规模宏伟，融会了各式园林风格，运用了各种造园技巧，再现诗画意境，被大多数中国园林学家认为是中国园林艺术史上的顶峰作品；被当作是中国古典园林平地造园、堆山理水集大成的典范。清朝时一些在中国的外国传教士参观圆明园之后将其称作“万园之园”。1860年，圆明园在英法联军之役中被英法侵略者洗劫破坏后放火焚毁，历经战乱劫掠，现时仅存遗址。在中华人民共和国政府成立圆明圆管理处后开始实施保护与利用。于1979年将其列入为文物保护单位，于1988年，圆明园遗址被中华人民共和国国务院公布为第三批全国重点文物保护单位之一。圆明园遗址中部和东部成立了圆明园遗址公园。2008年7月29日，圆明园管理局宣布，开放九州景区。
El Antiguo Palacio de Verano es el nombre con el que se conoce en Occidente al Jardín del Perfecto Brillo (en chino tradicional, 圓明園; en chino simplificado, 圆明园; pinyin, Yuánmíng Yuán o Yuanmingyuan), originalmente llamado Jardines Imperiales (en chino tradicional, 御園; en chino simplificado, 御园; pinyin, Yù Yuán). Fue un complejo de palacios y jardines, construido entre el siglo XVIII y principios del XIX, situado a 8 kilómetros al noroeste de los muros de la Ciudad Imperial en Pekín.A pesar del nombre que se le dio en Occidente, el recinto fue la principal residencia y espacio de trabajo de los emperadores de la dinastía Qing desde el reinado del emperador Kangxi hasta 1860; la Ciudad Prohibida se usaba para ceremonias formales y durante unas pocas semanas en invierno. Conocidos por su extensa colección de jardines, arquitectura y otras obras de arte (un nombre popular en China fue el "jardín de jardines", en chino tradicional, 萬園之園; en chino simplificado, 万园之园; pinyin, wàn yuán zhī yuán), los Jardines Imperiales fueron destruidos por los ejércitos británico y francés en 1860 durante la Segunda Guerra del Opio.
円明園 Ancien Palais d'Été
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