What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy treatment in Urdu - What to Avoid in Epilepsy Treatment? Don't do this!!

In this video Dr. Farasat Ali talks about
What is Epilepsy? Epilepsy treatment in Urdu - What to Avoid in Epilepsy Treatment? Don't do this. Common myths about epilepsy


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What is Epilepsy?

Epilepsy is a group of neurological diseases characterized by recurrent seizures. Seizures happen as a result of a sudden surge in the brain’s electrical activities.

Depending on which part of the brain is affected, a seizure may manifest as loss of awareness, unusual behaviors or sensations, uncontrollable movements or loss of consciousness.

The brain is a complex network of billions of neurons. Neurons can be excitatory or inhibitory. Excitatory neurons stimulate others to fire action potentials and transmit electrical messages, while inhibitory neurons SUPPRESS this process, preventing EXCESSIVE firing. A balance between excitation and inhibition is essential for normal brain functions.

Mechanism of Epilepsy Seizure

In epilepsy, there is an UP-regulation of excitation and/or DOWN-regulation of inhibition, causing lots of neurons to fire SYNCHRONOUSLY at the same time.

Types of Epilepsy

If this abnormal electrical surge happens within a limited area of the brain, it causes PARTIAL or FOCAL seizures. If the entire brain is involved, GENERALIZED seizures will result. Partial seizures subdivide further to: - Simple partial: - Complex partial Generalized seizures subdivide further into - Absence seizures: - Tonic seizures - Atonic seizures, drop attacks - Clonic seizures - Myoclonic seizures - The most common and also most dramatic are tonic-clonic seizures, also known as convulsive seizures, which are combinations of muscle stiffening and jerking. This type is what most people relate to when they think of a seizure. It also involves the sudden loss of consciousness and sometimes loss of bladder control. A tonic-clonic seizure that lasts longer than 5min requires immediate medical treatment.

Causes of Epilepsy


Epilepsy may develop as a result of a brain injury, tumor, stroke, previous infection or a birth defect. Generalized seizures that start in childhood are likely to involve genetic factors. Epilepsy due to a single gene mutation is rare. More often, the interaction of multiple genes and environmental factors is responsible. Hundreds of genes have been implicated. Examples include genes encoding for GABA receptors – major components of the inhibitory circuit, and ion channels. Many genetic disorders that cause brain abnormalities or metabolic conditions have epilepsy as a primary symptom. The cause of epilepsy is unknown in about half of the cases.


Diagnosis of Epilepsy

Diagnosis is based on observation of symptoms, medical history, and an electroencephalogram, or EEG, to look for abnormal brain waves. An EEG may also help in differentiating between partial and generalized seizures. Genetic testing may be helpful when genetic factors are suspected. There is no cure for epilepsy but various treatments are available to control seizures. Medication successfully controls seizures for about 70% of cases. Many anti-epileptic drugs are available that target sodium channels, GABA receptors, and other components involved in neuronal transmission.


Treatment of Epilepsy

Different medicines help with different types of seizures. Patients may need to try several drugs to find the most suitable. Dietary therapy: the ketogenic diet has been shown to reduce or prevent seizures in many children whose seizures could not be controlled with medication. Ketogenic diet is a special high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that must be prescribed and followed strictly. With this diet, the body uses fat as the major source of energy instead of carbohydrates. The reason why this helps control epilepsy is unclear. Nerve stimulation therapies such as vagus nerve stimulation in which a device placed under the skin is programmed to stimulate the vagus nerve at a certain rate. The device acts as a pacemaker for the brain. The underlying mechanism is poorly understood but it has been shown to reduce seizures significantly.

This video covers
What is epilepsy
how epilepsy appears
types of epilepsy
dangers of epilepsy if not treated
things to avoid in epilepsy
epilepsy treatment in Urdu
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