"The Course of Empire" by Thomas Cole

Wendy Nālani E. Ikemoto, vice president & chief curator of The New York Historical, introduces the five-painting "The Course of Empire" from the New-York Historical Society's collection—artist Thomas Cole's magnum opus: a large-scale landscape series, created between 1833 and 1836, that charts the rise and fall of an imaginative empire.

In the late 1820s, the young Thomas Cole quickly built a successful career as a painter of Hudson River landscapes, but he harbored ambitions of turning the landscape form to a larger purpose. As early as 1827 he conceived a cycle of paintings that would illustrate the rise and fall of a civilization, and a few years later he began sketching and developing his ideas. In 1833, he secured a commission from New York merchant Luman Reed to paint a cycle of five paintings for the art gallery in his home.

The resulting series consists of The Savage State, The Arcadian or Pastoral State, The Consummation of Empire, Destruction, and Desolation. In it, Cole presented a cyclical view of history in which a civilization appears, matures, and collapses. The artist's distinctly pessimistic vision differed from that of many of his peers; in the early years of the United States' history, its future was considered limitless. Cole drew from a number of literary sources, such as Gibbon's The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire and Byron's epic Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. The motto he attached to the series was taken from Byron's popular poem: "First freedom, then glory; when that fails, wealth, vice, corruption." The artist finally settled on a title in 1835, taken from Bishop George Berkeley's 1729 poem, "Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in America," which begins "Westward the Course of Empire takes its way."

The five paintings follow a dramatic narrative arc, anchored by the imperturbable mountain in the background, and expounded with rich and complex symbolic systems that illustrate this imaginary world's history, including the course of the sun across the sky, the changing relation of man to nature, the role of animals, the arts, and the military, and even the placement and character of his own signature.

Luman Reed, Cole's generous patron, did not live to see the completion of the series. He died in June of 1836, but Reed's family encouraged Cole to complete the work. The series was exhibited to great acclaim in New York later that year. The Course of Empire, along with the rest of Reed's collection, became the core of the New-York Gallery of the Fine Arts. That group of works was donated to the New-York Historical Society in 1858, forming the foundation of its acclaimed collection of American landscape painting.

00:00-1:52 Introduction
1:53-2:35 Savage State
2:36-4:23 Arcadian/Pastoral State
4:24-5:56 Consummation of Empire
5:57-6:58 Destruction
6:59-7:49 Desolation
7:50-8:45 Conclusion



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