Orthodox Marxism & Leninism: Foundations and Debates | UPSC PSIR Optional

This video explores Orthodox Marxism and Leninism, tracing how classical Marxist theory was interpreted after Marx and Engels and how Lenin adapted those ideas into a revolutionary political strategy. It covers foundational concepts (historical materialism, class struggle), Lenin’s innovations (vanguard party, theory of imperialism), major historical moments, and the central debates that continue to shape socialist thought and practice.
What you’ll learn
What Orthodox Marxism is and how it developed in the late 19th century under thinkers like Karl Kautsky.
How Leninism differs by emphasizing organization, leadership, and a theory of imperialism that reframes revolutionary strategy.
Key debates: theory vs. praxis, the role of the party, and how context (industrial Europe vs. imperialist world) changes strategy.
Legacy and relevance: why these currents still matter for contemporary politics, movements, and scholarship.

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