13 HARDNESS OF WATER | TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT HARDNESS | IIT ADVANCED | CHEMISTRY CLASS 12

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HARDNESS OF WATER | TEMPORARY AND PERMANENT HARDNESS | IIT ADVANCED | CHEMISTRY CLASS 12

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Topics covered in this lecture with timestamp :

0:00 - Hard Water: Introduction to hard water, which contains high concentrations of dissolved minerals, primarily calcium and magnesium ions, causing various issues in household and industrial applications.

4:22 - Types of Hardness: Explaining the two main types of water hardness: temporary hardness, which can be removed by boiling, and permanent hardness, which requires other methods for removal.

7:55 - Methods of Removal of Hardness in Water: Discussing various methods for removing hardness from water, including boiling, using chemicals like slaked lime, washing soda, ion exchange resins, and polyphosphates.

8:30 - Boiling: Describing the method of removing temporary hardness by boiling water, which causes the precipitation of calcium carbonate.

11:20 - Using Slaked Lime/Quick Lime: Explaining how calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide can be used to remove temporary hardness by forming insoluble calcium carbonate.

13:02 - Using Washing Soda: Discussing the use of sodium carbonate (washing soda) to remove temporary hardness by precipitating calcium carbonate.

14:31 - Using Ion Exchange Resin: Describing the process of exchanging calcium and magnesium ions in water with sodium ions on ion exchange resins to remove hardness.

17:40 - Using Polyphosphates: Explaining how polyphosphates can sequester calcium and magnesium ions to prevent them from causing hardness in water.

21:39 - Degree of Hardness: Introducing the concept of measuring water hardness in terms of grains per gallon (gpg) or parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate.

23:35 - Example: Providing an example related to the removal of hardness in water, illustrating the application of different methods discussed.

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