Effect of Smoking on Respiratory System | MDCAT 2025

Effect of Smoking on Respiratory System | MDCAT 2025
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The MDCAT 2025 syllabus in Pakistan includes the topic "Effect of Smoking on Respiratory System." Below is a brief note enumerating the effects of smoking on various parts of the respiratory system:
1. Nasal Cavity and Pharynx:
o Smoking irritates the nasal passages, leading to inflammation, congestion, and reduced sense of smell.
o The pharynx may develop chronic irritation, increasing the risk of throat infections and soreness.
2. Trachea:
o Tobacco smoke damages the tracheal lining, impairing the cilia (hair-like structures) that clear mucus and debris, leading to mucus buildup and increased infection risk.
o Chronic exposure may cause tracheal inflammation and narrowing.
3. Bronchi and Bronchioles:
o Smoking causes inflammation and swelling in the bronchi, leading to chronic bronchitis.
o Bronchioles become constricted due to smooth muscle spasms, contributing to airflow obstruction and difficulty breathing.
o Tar and toxins accumulate, reducing elasticity and impairing gas exchange.
4. Lungs and Alveoli:
o Alveoli, the tiny air sacs, lose elasticity due to chemicals in smoke, leading to emphysema, a condition where air is trapped, reducing oxygen exchange.
o Smoking increases the risk of lung infections like pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
o Long-term exposure significantly raises the risk of lung cancer due to carcinogens in tobacco.
5. Respiratory Defense Mechanisms:
o Smoking weakens the immune response in the lungs, making them more susceptible to infections.
o It damages the mucociliary escalator, reducing the ability to clear pathogens and debris, leading to chronic cough and infections.
6. Overall Respiratory Function:
o Smoking reduces lung capacity and efficiency, causing shortness of breath and fatigue.
o It exacerbates conditions like asthma, triggering more frequent and severe attacks.
o Chronic smoking leads to irreversible damage, reducing overall respiratory health and quality of life.
Note: Smoking cessation can significantly reduce these effects over time, though some damage, like emphysema, may be irreversible. For MDCAT preparation, focus on understanding these physiological impacts and their mechanisms.

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