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1️⃣ /ow/ as in “cow” (the ou/ow diphthong)
Sound: ow (like crying “ow!”)
Mouth movement: starts open, moves slightly up
OW often at the end or middle
OU usually in the middle
OW examples: cow, how, town, brown, flower
OU examples: out, loud, house, mouse, about
2️⃣ /ō/ as in “snow” (long O sound)
Sound: long o (oh)
OW mostly at the end
OU rarely makes this sound (exceptions)
OW examples: snow, grow, window, throw, yellow
OU rare examples: soul, though (special cases)
3️⃣ /ŭ/ as in “country” (short U sound)
Sounds like short /u/ in sun
Usually spelled OU in the middle
Examples: country, cousin, double, trouble, young
4️⃣ /ü/ as in “soup” (long OO sound)
Same as “food”, “moon”
Mostly spelled OU
Examples: soup, group, route, you, youth
5️⃣ /ʌ/ as in “rough” (short U /u/ sound)
OU makes a different sound here
Sounds like “ruff”
Examples: rough, tough, enough, slough (sometimes)
📌 Summary Chart
Spelling
Sound
Example Words
ow
/ow/
cow, town, flower
ou
/ow/
out, loud, house
ow
/ō/
snow, grow, window
ou
/ō/ (rare)
soul, though
ou
/ŭ/
country, young, cousin
ou
/ü/
soup, group, route
ou
/ʌ/
rough, tough, enough
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