The Crisis of the Third Century: The Military Anarchy that Nearly Destroyed the Roman Empire

The Crisis of the Third Century (235–284 AD) was a chaotic period that brought the Roman Empire to the brink of collapse. Beginning with the assassination of Severus Alexander, it was marked by the rise of more than 20 “soldier emperors” in 50 years, weakening central authority. The Empire suffered barbarian invasions, monetary collapse, inflation, and epidemics. This fragility led to territorial fragmentation, creating breakaway states such as the Gallic Empire and the Palmyrene Kingdom, led by Queen Zenobia. Unity was restored by Aurelian (270–275), who reconquered both realms. The crisis ended with Diocletian (284), who instituted the absolutist Dominate and the Tetrarchy to try to stabilize the Empire and secure the succession.

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