Functionalist Theories of Social Change || Ogburn's Cultural Lag theory || Parson's AGIL model

Functionalist Theories of Social Change || Ogburn's Cultural Lag theory || Parson's AGIL model
Functionalist Perspective on Social Change:
Functionalists see society as a system of interrelated parts working together. Social change occurs gradually and maintains equilibrium—when one part changes, others adjust to restore balance.


1. Ogburn’s Cultural Lag Theory:
Ogburn distinguished between material culture (technology, inventions) and non-material culture (values, norms, laws).
Cultural lag happens when non-material culture fails to keep up with rapid changes in material culture.
Example: Technology (like AI) advances quickly, but legal/ethical norms take time to adapt.


2. Parsons’ AGIL Model:
Talcott Parsons outlined four functional imperatives every social system must fulfill to survive:
A – Adaptation: Adjusting to the environment (e.g., economy).
G – Goal Attainment: Setting and achieving collective goals (e.g., political systems).
I – Integration: Maintaining social cohesion (e.g., legal systems, norms).
L – Latency (Pattern Maintenance): Transmitting culture and values (e.g., family, education).

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