Modern history of Poland (1918-2025), Nowożytna historia Polski

Poland was established as a state under the Piast dynasty, which ruled the country between the 10th and 14th centuries.

The period of the Jagiellonian dynasty in the 14th–16th centuries brought close ties with the Lithuania. It culminated in the establishment of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, one of Europe's largest countries.

The existence of the Commonwealth ended in 1795 after a series of invasions and partitions of Polish territory carried out by the Russian Empire in the east, the Kingdom of Prussia in the west and the Habsburg Monarchy in the south.

The independent Republic of Poland was established in 1918 after the end of WWI.
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Here are the leaders of Poland from 1918 to 2025:

Chief of State (1918-1922)
Józef Piłsudski (1918-1922) - Provisional Chief of State until 1919

Presidents (1922-1939)
Gabriel Narutowicz (1922) - First President of Poland, assassinated after 5 days
Maciej Rataj (1922) - Acting President
Stanisław Wojciechowski (1922-1926)
Maciej Rataj (1926) - Acting President
Ignacy Mościcki (1926-1939)

Republic of Poland/Polish People's Republic (1944-1989)
Bolesław Bierut (1944-1952) - Chairman of the Council of State
Aleksander Zawadzki (1952-1964) - Chairman of the Council of State
Edward Ochab (1964-1968) - Chairman of the Council of State
Marian Spychalski (1968-1970) - Chairman of the Council of State
Józef Cyrankiewicz (1970-1972) - Chairman of the Council of State
Henryk Jabłoński (1972-1985) - Chairman of the Council of State
Wojciech Jaruzelski (1985-1989) - Chairman of the Council of State and President

Presidents (1989-present)
Wojciech Jaruzelski (1989-1990)
Lech Wałęsa (1990-1995)
Aleksander Kwaśniewski (1995-2005)
Lech Kaczyński (2005-2010)
Bronisław Komorowski (2010) - Acting President
Grzegorz Schetyna (2010) - Acting President
Bronisław Komorowski (2010-2015)
Andrzej Duda (2015-2025)
Karol Nawrocki (2025-present) ¹ ²