6. Cellular Adaptations : Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia / USMLE Step 1

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Cellular Adaptations: Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, Dysplasia

Cellular adaptations are mechanisms by which cells respond to their environment to escape injury and maintain homeostasis. These adaptations include Atrophy, Hypertrophy, Hyperplasia, Metaplasia, and Dysplasia. Atrophy refers to a decrease in cell size due to reduced demand or adverse environmental conditions, conserving energy and resources. Hypertrophy is the increase in cell size, often seen in muscle cells in response to increased workload, leading to enhanced functional capacity. Hyperplasia involves an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue, usually in response to a stimulus and often as a preparatory process for hypertrophy. Metaplasia is the change of one type of cell to another that can better endure the stress or environment, a reversible adaptation. Dysplasia, while not a true adaptive process, is an abnormal growth or development of cells, often considered precancerous, indicating an early step in a potential progression to cancer🌿

Atrophy:
________
Decrease in cell size
Response to reduced demand or adverse conditions
Conserves energy

Hypertrophy:
____________
Increase in cell size
Occurs in response to increased workload
Enhances functional capacity

Hyperplasia:
____________
Increase in cell numbers
Response to a stimulus
Preparatory for hypertrophy

Metaplasia:
____________
Change in cell type
Reversible adaptation to stress

Dysplasia:
__________
Abnormal development or growth of cells
Considered precancerous
Early step towards cancer progression

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