Memory and Learning: Long-Term Potentiation (LTP)

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🧠 TOPIC DESCRIPTION
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In this video, we will explain long-term potentiation as a physiological mechanism of learning and memory, and then we will discuss the differences between both early and late LTP.

LTP is the mechanism that leads to the strengthening of synaptic connections between neurons within the brain. This happens because of the brain's ability to reform its neurons (either short-term or long-term); an ability called neuroplasticity. These resultant functional alterations lead to changes in synapse efficacy. This is measured by increased post-synaptic currents and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) which are temporary depolarizations. Over time, this reorganises the cortical map by changing the brains wiring/network structure. This growth and reorganisation are what allows the formation of neuronal connections throughout life. Appositively, there is long-term depression which leads to the weakening of synaptic connections so that the brain remains efficient. This is where the concept of ‘use-it’ or ‘lose-it’ principle comes from.

SUMMARY - Mechanism of LTP:
• Sensory information activates glutamate release
• Glutamate binds to AMPA and NDMA
• AMPA allows Na+ in – a build-up of which activates NDMA
• NDMA allows Na+ and Ca2+ in which activities CaMKII, PKC and PKA
• Early LTP -- synaptic plasticity increasing AMPA and NMDA receptors from stored vesicles
• Late LTP -- both synaptic and structural plasticity producing more dendrites, new NDMA receptors and motor proteins to allow early LTP to occur quicker
• Cells that wire together fire together – LTP leads to stronger connections between neurons so that the neurons that fire is stronger

It is also important to remember that:
• LTP occurs all over the brain – AMPA and NMDA are located everywhere
• LTP only occur via glutamate-dependent NMDA and AMPA receptor activation
• NMDA can allow in sodium and potassium like AMPA receptors, but also calcium.
• Calcium is required for LTP
• Early LTP results in transient activation of protein kinases
• Late LTP results in functional gene expression and changes
• The difference between early and late LTP is the different levels of calcium – late has even more calcium and early has less.
• The mechanism of Late LTP is yet to be fully understood

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⏳ TIMECODES
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Quick background: 0:00
Basic principles of LTP: 1:24
Early LTP: 5:30
Late LTP: 8:12
Outro: 10:40

📜 REFERENCES
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Kandel, E., 2001. The Molecular Biology of Memory Storage: A Dialogue Between Genes and Synapses. Science, 294(5544), pp.1030-1038.

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