surge and celerity | open channel flow | Hydraulics | civil mantra

Civil मंत्रा
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surge and celerity
1-The sudden changes of flow in open channel results in the increase or decrease of flow depth is called the "SURGE" in open channel.
2-This could take place when there is a breaking of dams due to earthquake or regulating the hydropower sluice gates.
3-results in positive and negative surges in downstream river channel or in downstream tail channel of hydropower projects.
4-This phenomenon also governs when there would be flood (unsteady flow) during monsoon period in natural river channels.
5-The flood wave which generates during the positive or negative surges is called the celerity (wave velocity) of the flood in unsteady flow situation

Typical situations in which unsteady flows occur

1-Surges in power canals or tunnels produced by starting or stopping of turbines or due to the opening or closing of the turbine gates to meet the load changes.
2-Surges in upstream or downstream channels produced by starting or stopping of pumps and opening or closing of control gates.
3-Waves generated by landslides and avalanches in rivers, channels, reservoirs, and lakes.
4-Waves in lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, bays, inlets, and oceans produced by wind storms, cyclones, and earthquakes.
5-Circulation in lakes and reservoirs produced by wind or by temperature and density gradients.
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