Equisetum life cycle; morphology anatomy, reproduction, antheridia,

Equisetum life cycle ,

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Equisetum is represented by some 30 species and are distributed all over the world. Some common Indian species are E. arvense, E. debile, E. diffusum, E. ramosissimum.
Habitat: Equisetum generally grows in wet or damp habitats and are particularly common along the banks of streams or irrigation canals. However, some species are adapted to xeric condition (Equisetum arvense).
 Some species of Equisetum are indicators of the mineral content of the soil in which they grow. Few species accumulate gold, thus they are consi¬dered as gold indicator plants.
 There is deposition of silica on the outer wall of the epidermal cells due to which plants become rough in texture and are used as abrasive. Silica provides a protective covering to these plants against predators and pathogens.

MORPHOLOGY (SPOROPHYTE)
The main plant body of Equisetum is sporophytic and is differentiated into root, stem and leaves (Fig.1).
Root
 The primary root is short-lived and the slender adventitious roots arise endogenously at the nodes of the stems.
 The roots are slender and fibrous and branch occasionally and help in absorption.
Stem
 The stem of Equisetum is underground, much-branched rhizome. It is differentia¬ted into nodes and internodes. A whorl of small scaly leaves arises from each node.
 The rhizome bears two types of aerial shoots, vegetative shoots and fertile shoots. Both are differentiated into nodes and internodes (Fig.1).
Fig 1. Equisetum external features sporophyte.