LASER (Basics, Properties, Working, Amplification, Stimulated Emission & Radiation) Explained

LASER is covered with the following outlines.

0. Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
1. LASER
2. Basics of LASER
3. Properties of LASER
4. Working of LASER
5. Stimulated Absorption in LASER
6. Spontaneous Emission in LASER
7. Stimulated Emission in LASER
8. Population Inversion in LASER
9. Cavity Resonance in LASER

Chapter-wise detailed Syllabus of the Optical Fiber Communication Course is as follows:

Chapter-1 Introduction to Optical Communication System:    • Introduction to Optical Communication System  
Historical development of optical fiber communication (1G, 2G, 3G, 4G & 5G), Need of fiber optic communication system, Comparison of fiber optic communication system with copper wire communication system, Block diagram and working of fiber optic communication system.

Chapter-2 Optical Fiber:    • Optical Fiber  
Basics & structure of optical fibers, comparison of step index optical fiber and graded index optical fiber, single mode optical fiber and multi mode optical fiber, Comparison of Multimode step index fiber and Multimode graded index fiber, Refractive index of fiber, Refraction and Reflection of ray, Total internal reflection & critical angle, Snell's Law, Optical Fiber mode theory, Acceptance angle and Numerical Aperture, Normalized frequency, Relationship in between a number of modes and normalized frequency, acceptance angle & critical angle, Ray Optics representation.

Chapter-3 Optical Fiber Fabrication:    • Fiber Fabrication  
Optical Fiber Fabrication, OVPO, VAD, MCVD, PCVD, Photonic Crystal Fiber PCF, Double Crucible Method, Fiber Materials.

Chapter-4 Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber:    • Transmission Characteristics of Optical Fiber  
Windows and spectral bands, Digital Transmission Hierarchy, Phase velocity and Group velocity in optical fiber, History of Attenuation in optical communication, Attenuation of signal, Material Absorption in optical fiber cable, Fiber Bending Losses, Scattering Losses in Optical fiber cable, Dispersion Losses in Optical fiber.

Chapter-5 Optical Sources:    • Optical sources:LED and LASER  
LED - Light Emitting Diode, Parameters of LED (Characteristics of LED, Quantum Efficiency of LED, Protection of LED, Effect of temperature & Irradiance of LED), LED Structure, Planar LED, Surface Emitting LED, Edge Emitting LED, Examples on LED, Comparison of LED and LASER, LASER, Mode Hopping of LASER, Frequency Chirps of LASER, Fabry Parot LASER, Distributed feedback LASER, Power Launched by LED in Step index Fiber, Power Launched by LED in Graded Index Fiber.

Chapter-6 Optical Connector:    • Optical Connector  
Lensing schemes of optical fiber, Fiber to fiber joint losses, Fiber Splicing, Optical fiber connectors, and Equilibrium Numerical Aperture.

Chapter-7 Optical Detector:    • Optical Detector  
Photo Diode, Figure of Merits of Photodiode (Quantum efficiency of Photodiode, Responsivity of Photodiode & Dark Current of Photo Diode), PIN Photodiode, Avalanche Photodiode, Comparison of PIN Photodiode & Avalanche Photodiode, Eye Diagram, Receiver Performance.

Chapter-8 Optical Link Budget:    • Optical Link Budget  
Point to point link of optical fiber communication system, Link power budget analysis of optical fiber system, Link power budget analysis, Rise time budget analysis.

Chapter-9 Optical Amplifier:    • Optical Amplifier  
Optical Amplifier, Semiconductor Optical Amplifier, EDFA - Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier, Raman Amplifier.

Chapter-10 Optical Components:    • Optical Components  
Optical Couplers, Parameters of optical couplers (Optical splitting, Excess loss, Insertion loss & cross talk), Optical Isolator, Optical Circulator, OADM - Optical Add Drop Multiplexer.

Chapter-11 Optical Network/ Optical Fiber Systems:    • Optical Network / Optical Fiber System  
WDM, DWDM, SONET/SDH.

Chapter-12 Optical Measurements:    • Optical Measurement  
OTDR, Dispersion Measurement, Eye Diagram.

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