Battle of the Kalka River (1223) | Subutai and Jebe Vs Mstislav III

The process that started with the massacre of Mongol ambassadors and merchants in Otrar led to the destruction of the Khwarezmshah State and the capture of most of its lands by the Mongols. Although Khwarezm lands were included in the Mongol borders, some problems could not be solved. One of the most important of these was the fact that Muhammad of Khwarezm, who had fled to Iran, could not be caught. In order to solve this problem, Subutay and Jebe noyans were sent after him with a cavalry force of 25 thousand men. Although the expedition was organised for the capture of Muhammad of Khwarezm, it turned into a reconnaissance operation in itself as the Mongol commanders both captured the cities they encountered and continued their activities after the death of Muhammad of Khwarezm.


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Footnote 1:
Ibn al-Asir, ibn al-Asir, op. cit. p.341. Resid al-Din also wrote similar statements. Bk. Jami'ut Tevârih, p.382.
The words of the envoy can be explained by the fact that the Mongols tried to present themselves as Turks rather than thinking that they were related to the Turks. It is known that many Turks served in the Mongol army. In fact, V.V. Bartold states that this number may even exceed the number of Mongol soldiers serving in the army. As we will also mention below, the presence of Turkmens in the army that carried out the expedition in question is confirmed by the information provided by the Russian chronicles. Therefore, we believe that Jebe and Subutay tried to present themselves as Turks based on the Turkish element in their army. Regarding the Turks in the Mongol army, see. V.V. Bartold, ‘Istoriya Turetsko- Mongol'skih Narodov’, Sochineniye, Tom. V, IANS, Glavnaya Redaktsiya Vostoçnoy Literaturı, Moscow 1968, p.211. Although the identity of the envoy who stated that they were related to the Kipchaks is not reflected in our sources, it can be assumed that he was of Kipchak origin since he had contact with the Kipchaks without using an interpreter. Mustafa Kafalı, on the other hand, states that this person was of Mongolian origin. M. Kafalı, ‘Dest-i Kipchak and Cuci Nation’, Articles I, Haz. Semih Yalçın, Süleyman Özbek, Berikan Publishing House, Ankara 2005, p.50.


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