5 PM UK Time - Livestream English Class for C2 and C1 - Open Cloze SATURDAY 21st JUNE 5 PM UK TIME

5 PM UK Time - Livestream English Class for C2 and C1 - Open Cloze SATURDAY 21st JUNE 5 PM UK TIME

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Next Stream on Tuesday 24th June at 10 am UK time


Eldest daughter syndrome' to the rebellious youngest child: Does your birth order shape your personality?
https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20...





The question of whether ………. birth order shapes their personality has ………. families and psychologists for years.



The question of whether siblings' birth order shapes their personality has puzzled families and psychologists for years.




But the evidence isn't as …… as you ……. think.



But the evidence isn't as straightforward as you might think.





As the eldest daughter of two, I often …….. with the ………. stereotypically associated with being the oldest sibling: responsible, conscientious, a perfectionist.






As the eldest daughter of two, I often identify with the traits stereotypically associated with being the oldest sibling: responsible, conscientious, a perfectionist.






My mum is an eldest daughter, too, and also …….. those traits.






My mum is an eldest daughter, too, and also shares those traits.






My younger sister, on the other hand, is a bit more carefree – …1… …2….. she and I grew up in the same household with the same parents, and are close, our personalities are quite different.






My younger sister, on the other hand, is a bit more carefree – even though she and I grew up in the same household with the same parents, and are close, our personalities are quite different.




I wondered whether that difference could be due to our birth order – is there any science to the idea that being the oldest, the youngest, or an only child, ……. who we are, and how we ………. the world?




or an only child, shapes who we are, and how we navigate the world?





Despite fascinating the scientific community and public for more than 100 years, the question of whether our birth order amongst siblings shapes our personalities is very much still …….. for ……...





very much still up for debate.





Historically, research has produced inconsistent ……...



produced inconsistent findings.



There are several reasons why this is, though to …1... …2…. simply: it's hard to measure.




though to put it simply: it's hard to measure.








Rodica Damian, an associate professor in psychology at the University of Houston, explains that previous studies have often included small ……. sizes.




have often included small sample sizes.






In addition, …….. personality tests are often self-reported, they may be affected by ……...




In addition, since personality tests
may be affected by bias.





The five-factor ……. of personality is used to determine general personality structure. Psychologists researching birth order measure siblings on the following traits:



The five-factor model of personality



• Extraversion (or introversion)
• Agreeableness
• Conscientiousness (or intelligence)
• Neuroticism (or emotional stability)
• Openness to experience



Recent studies point out that a number of confounding …….. can make it hard to investigate if birth order is ……., meaning that it affects every person in the same way.




of confounding variables can make it
if birth order is systematic, meaning that




The total number of siblings may be a factor, for example: one would expect the …….. dynamics to be different in a family with two siblings ……. to a family with seven siblings.





expect the overall dynamics to be
two siblings compared to a family




…….. the eldest or youngest child in these differently-sized families might be a very different experience, and not …….. comparable.





Being the eldest or
experience, and not directly comparable.






Family size and the experience of being a child in any given family may in turn be ………. with many other factors, such as a family's ……… status (wealthier families with higher status tend to have fewer children, for example).






family may in turn be entangled with many other factors, such as a family's socioeconomic status




And then there is a person's age and gender, which could influence their experience ……. the family and …….




their experience within the family and beyond.




……… this context, researchers have not been able to …….. that birth order has any consistent, universal impacts on our personalities.



Within this context,
been able to conclude that birth order has



But that doesn't mean birth order is ………. . It could …… a …… within certain families, or cultures.





birth order is irrelevant. It could play a role within





"I think people have a lot of beliefs that are kind of …….. , or that were never well supported in the …….. place," says Julia Rohrer, a personality researcher at Leipzig University.




that are kind of outdated, or that
supported in the first place,"