#CSS

📘 CSS | PMS | Pakistan Affairs 2025 — Past Paper Solved Question #2

Topic: “Indus Water Treaty and its Impacts on Water Distribution and India–Pakistan Relations” 🌊🇵🇰🇮🇳

The #IndusWaterTreaty (IWT) of 1960 remains one of the most crucial water-sharing agreements in South Asia, signed between #Pakistan and #India under the #WorldBank’s mediation. This topic holds deep relevance for #CSS, #PMS, and #FPSC aspirants as it connects #PakistanAffairs, #ForeignPolicy, and #CurrentAffairs — all major components of competitive exams.

🔹 Why This Topic Matters for CSS & PMS

This question tests your understanding of #HydroPolitics, #WaterSecurity, and #IndoPakRelations. It also evaluates analytical and policy-writing skills, making it highly expected in #CSS2025, #PMS2025, and #FPSCExams.

🕰️ Historical Context & Timeline

After Partition in 1947, both countries faced disputes over river control. In 1960, the #IndusTreaty was signed, allocating the Western Rivers (Indus, Jhelum, Chenab) to Pakistan and Eastern Rivers (Ravi, Beas, Sutlej) to India. Despite wars and hostilities, it stands as a symbol of cooperation in a tense region.

📜 Key Provisions of IWT

Allocation of six major rivers between both states.

Establishment of a Permanent Indus Commission.

Data sharing and dispute resolution mechanisms.

Role of World Bank as mediator and guarantor.


💧 Impacts on Water Distribution

The Treaty ensured predictable river flow for Pakistan’s agriculture but restricted its upstream projects. India’s construction of #Kishanganga and #BagliharDams raised fresh tensions over water diversion and control.

⚖️ Positive & Negative Impacts on Relations

Positively, the Treaty has withstood wars and political crises, maintaining dialogue channels. Negatively, India’s unilateral projects have created mistrust and challenged regional peace.

⚠️ Risks & Consequences

With #ClimateChange, population growth, and rising water demand, Pakistan faces severe #WaterStress. Any Indian violation of the Treaty could trigger diplomatic or security instability.

🧠 Critical Analysis & Policy Recommendations

Pakistan must adopt #HydroDiplomacy, strengthen #WaterGovernance, upgrade irrigation systems, and pursue #RegionalCooperation for equitable water use. A modernized IWT framework is vital for #SustainableDevelopment and long-term peace.


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