Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia | INO | Animation | Explained Conceptually

Part 1 of an animated analogy to explain how the horizontal gaze pathway works and how it can get damaged to cause an Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)

Timecodes
0:00 - Intro
0:34 - Conjugate horizontal eye movement
1:08 - Analogy breakdown
1:26 - Saccadic vs pursuit movement
1:54 - Paramedian Pontine Reticular Formation (PPRF)
2:21 - Abducens nucleus motor neurons
2:37 - Abducens nerve
2:42 - Lateral rectus muscle
2:50 - Abducens nucleus interneurons
3:25 - Medial Longitunidal Fasciculus (MLF)
4:10 - Medial rectus subnucleus
4:29 - Medial rectus subnucleus motor neurons
4:33 - Medial rectus muscle
5:21 - Horizontal eye movement mechanism
7:00 - Left Internuclear Ophthalmoparesis
7:44 - Right Internuclear Ophthalmoparesis
8:25 - Right Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)
8:49 - Dissociated ABduction nystagmus
9:38 - Left Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (INO)
10:02 - Terminology: Internuclear, Ophthalmoparesis & Ophthalmoplegia
10:41 - Bilateral Internuclear Ophthalmoplegia (BINO)
11:07 - Pseudo-INO
11:31 - Convergence
12:15 - Summary

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