Ethanol's Evolution: Ethylene Generation Demystified

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Welcome to "Ethanol's Evolution: Ethylene Generation Demystified"! In this fascinating journey through the world of chemistry, we'll unravel the secrets behind the conversion of ethanol into ethylene.

🔬 Unlocking the Dehydration Reaction: Explore the historical roots of this process that dates back over 300 years when pioneers heated ethanol with concentrated sulfuric acid. Discover how concentrated acid acts as both a catalyst and a dehydrating agent, making ethylene generation possible. Learn how an excess of sulfuric acid favours the forward reaction.

🏭 Industrial Insights: Delve into the industrial side of things, where ethanol undergoes dehydration at high temperatures. Find out how porous ceramic and alumina catalysts play a crucial role in this process.

🧪 Hands-On Modeling: Get hands-on with us as we model the dehydration of ethanol using a molecular model kit. Follow our step-by-step guide to visualize the transformation of ethanol into ethylene.

🌡️ Ethanol's Evolution: Explore the flip side of the coin as we delve into the production of ethanol from ethylene. Discover how large quantities of ethanol are synthesized in an industrial high-pressure, vapor-phase hydration reaction. Understand the role of diluted sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid as catalysts in this transformation.

⚗️ Oxidation Exploration: Dive into the world of ethanol oxidation. Learn how ethanol can undergo oxidation by burning with oxygen to create carbon dioxide and water. Explore how ethanol can also be oxidized using agents like acidified potassium dichromate solution.

🍻 Ethanol in the Body: Gain insight into how ethanol is metabolized in the human body, producing ethanal and ethanoic acid, eventually breaking down into CO2 and H2O. Due to its exothermic reactions, ethanol is considered a highly calorific 'food'.

🚔 Breathalysers Unveiled: Discover the science behind the breathalysers used by law enforcement to determine blood alcohol levels. Learn how these devices measure alcohol concentration in a person's breath through chemical reactions, showcasing the fascinating change from orange Cr2O to green Cr3+.

Join us on this captivating journey as we demystify the evolution of ethanol into ethylene and explore its implications in various applications, from industry to the human body.

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Conversion of ethanol to ethylene
Ethylene can be prepared from ethanol by a dehydration reaction. This process was first achieved over 300 years ago by heating ethanol with concentrated sulfuric acid at 180oC. The concentrated acid acts as a dehydrating agent as well as a catalyst. An excess of sulfuric acid favours the forward reaction.
In industry, ethanol is dehydrated by passing ethanol vapour over a porous ceramic catalyst or alumina catalyst at 350.
Modelling the hydration reaction:
Model the dehydration of ethanol using a molecular model kit.
1 Construct a model of ethylene and a model of sulfuric acid.
2 Remove the –OH group and an H atom from the sulphuric acid. combine these to form water.
Link the –HSO4 to the C2H5 to form C2H5HSO4 (an intermediate).
3 Remove the HSO4 group and an H atom from the ethyl group and combine them to form sulfuric acid again. Link the bonds remaining to form a double bond in the ethylene molecule.
Production of ethanol from ethylene
In industry, large quantities of ethanol are prepared from ethylene in a high pressure (60 atm), vapour phase hydration reaction at about 330 °C. Diluted sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid are used as catalysts.
The reaction of steam with ethylene is an example of an addition reaction. The hydration of ethylene can also be achieved in the laboratory by heating a mixture of ethylene and water with dilute sulfuric acid.
Modelling the hydration reaction:
1 Construct a model of ethylene and a model of sulphuric acid.
2 Break the double bond of the ethylene an¬d add an H atom from the sulfuric acid to one carbon and the HSO4 group to the other carbon to form CH3CH2HSO4.
3 Make a model of water.
4 Break an –OH bond in the water molecule and attach it in place of the HSO4 group on the hydrocarbon. Combine the remaining H of the water and the HSO4 group to form sulfuric acid again.
5 At the end you have an ethanol molecule and the sulfuric acid has been reformed.
Oxidation of ethanol:

0:00 Introduction
0:08 Chemical Reactions of Ethanol
0:52 Dehydration of ethanol
3:08 Production of ethanol
4:26 Hydration of ethylene
6:50 Oxidation of ethanol to ethanal
8:05 Oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid
9:41 Breathalysers
10:31 Question 10