Ancient Purification Baths - Jerusalem

The Hasmonean period is known as a period in which the attitude towards purity was significantly strengthened. Especially after they retained control of the temple from the Seleucids and purified the Temple, the whole issue of addressing the laws of impurity and purity increased significantly.
The purification mikvehs actually began to appear during the Hasmonean period. In addition to the increase in the number of pilgrims and visitors to Jerusalem during that period, adding the water required for the purification baths, led to an increase in water consumption in Jerusalem. The water sources from local springs and rainwater are limited, and therefore the Hasmoneans worked to access new water sources from outside Jerusalem into the city and the Temple Mount complex.
A mikveh is man-made facility. It is an artificial substitute for other water purification methods, such as spring water, but the local spring water did not provide a solution for the growing population's purification needs, especially in Jerusalem.
From the Hasmonean period, at the end of the second century BCE, the typical purification bath for the city was a facility built or hewn into the rock, to which rainwater was directed through canals or gutters, that is, without human contact, so that the water in the mikveh was "in the hands of heaven" unlike water pumped from a cistern for consumption, which was "in the hands of man".
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Yehuda Holtzman