C++ basics: Free helper function (free helper operator)

1. My First Program in C++ (   • C++ basics: My first program in C++  )
2. Functions and Overloading (   • C++ basics: Functions and Overloading in C++  )
3. Namespace (   • C++ basics: C++ Namespaces Explained: Avoi...  )
4. Default Parameter Values for Functions (   • C++ basics: Default Parameter Values for F...  )
5. Data types - Basic types (int, float, etc.) (   • C++ basics: Data types - Basic Types (int,...  )
6. Data types - Derived types (array, pointer, reference) (   • C++ basics: Derived Types (array, pointer,...  )
7. Data types - Custom types (struct, class, union) (   • C++ basics: Custom Types (struct, class, u...  )
8. Pointers and References (   • C++ basics: Pointers and References  )
9. Variable Scope - Block, Function, Namespace, Global (   • C++ basics: Variable Scope - block, functi...  )
10. Dynamic Memory - Part 1 (introduction) (   • C++ basics: Dynamic Memory - Part 1 (intro...  )
11. Dynamic Memory - Part 2 (dynamic array of objects) (   • C++ basics: Dynamic Memory - Part 2 (dynam...  )
12. Dynamic Memory - Part 3 (dynamic string member) (   • C++ basics: Dynamic Memory - Part 3 (dynam...  )
13. Dynamic Memory - Part 4 (dynamic array member) (   • C++ basics: Dynamic Memory - Part 4 (dynam...  )
14. Class - Part 1 (members and member functions) (   • C++ basics: Class - Part 1 (members and me...  )
15. Class - Part 2 (data privacy) (   • C++ basics: Class - Part 2 (data privacy)  )
16. State of object - Part 1 (valid and invalid states) (   • C++ basics: State of object - Part 1 (vali...  )
17. State of object - Part 2 (safe empty and non-empty state, initial state) (   • C++ basics: State of object - Part 2 (safe...  )

18. Console input/output - Part 1 (cin and cout) (   • C++ basics: Console input and output - Par...  )
19. Console error log - Part 2 (cerr and clog) (   • C++ basics: Console output - Part 2 (cerr ...  )
20. cout member functions - Part 1 (width, fill, precision) (   • C++ basics: cout methods - Part 1 (width, ...  )
21. cout methods - Part 2 (setf, unsetf, ios flags) (   • C++ basics: cout methods - Part 2 (setf, u...  )
22. cout methods - Part 3 (put, write) (   • C++ basics: cout methods - Part 3 (put, wr...  )
23. cin methods - Part 1 (bad, fail, eof, clear, good) (   • C++ basics: cin methods -  Part 1 (bad, fa...  )
24. cin methods - Part 2 (ignore, get, getline) (   • C++ basics: cin  methods  - Part 2 (ignore...  )

25. Class member functions - Part 1 (Query) (   • C++ basics: Class member functions - Part ...  )
26. Class member functions - Part 2 (Mutator) (   • C++ basics: Class member functions - Part ...  )
27. Class member functions - Part 3 (special) (   • C++ basics: Class member functions - Part ...  )
28. Class constructors (default, custom) and destructor (   • C++ basics: Class constructors (default, c...  )
29. Class function - parameter data validation (   • C++ basics:  Class function - parameter da...  )
30. this pointer (   • C++ basics: this pointer  )

31. Operator overloading - Part 1 (increment, decrement, prefix, postfix) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 1 ...  )
32. Operator overloading - Part 2 (arithmetic, addition +) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 2 ...  )
33. Operator overloading - Part 3 (arithmetic, subtraction -) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 3 ...  )
34. Operator overloading - Part 4 (division, remainder) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 4 ...  )
35. Operator overloading - Part 5 (assignment =, compound assignment += -=) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 5 ...  )
36. Operator overloading - Part 6 (relational) (   • C+++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 6...  )
37. Operator overloading - Part 7 (casting to other type - int, double, bool) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 7 ...  )
38. Operator overloading - Part 8 (binary operator - other type first operand) (   • C++ basics: Operator overloading - Part 8 ...  )

39. Temporary object (   • C++ basics: Temporary object  )

40. Free helper function (free helper operator) (   • C++ basics: Temporary object  )
41. Friend helper function (friend helper operator) (   • C++ basics:  Friend helper function (frien...  )
42. Class's Pointer Members and Dynamic Memory (   • C++ basics: Using Pointer Members in C++ C...  )
43. Deep Copying and Assignment - Concept (   • C++ basics: Deep Copying and Assignment - ...  )
44. Deep Copy constructor (   • C++ basics: Deep Copy Constructor  )
45. Deep Copy Assignment Operator (   • C++ basics: Deep Copy Assignment Operator  )

46. Standard Output Stream for class (   • C++ basics: Standard Output Stream for Cla...  )
47. Standard Input Stream for Class (   • C++ basics: Standard Input Stream for Clas...  )
48. File Output Stream for class (   • C++ basics: Writing Data to Text File (Out...  )
49. File Input Stream for class (   • C++ basics: Reading data from text file(Fi...  )

50. Inheritance - Part 1 (derived class) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 1 (derived ...  )
51. Inheritance - Part 2 (protected keyword) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 2 (protecte...  )
52. Inheritance - Part 3 (shadowing base class member functions) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 2 (protecte...  )
53. Inheritance - Part 4 (inheritance mode - public, protected, private) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 4 (mode-pub...  )
54. Inheritance - Part 5 (base class with resource) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 5 (base cla...  )
55. Inheritance - Part 6 (derived class - default constructor and destructor) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 6 (derived ...  )
56. Inheritance - Part 7 (derived class - custom constructor) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 7 (derived ...  )
57. Inheritance - Part 8 (derived class - copy assignment) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 8 (derived ...  )
58. Inheritance - Part 9 (derived class - copy constructor) (   • C++ basics: Inheritance - Part 9 (derived ...  )

59. Polymorphism - Part 1 (virtual function, polymorphic object) (   • C++ basics: Polymorphism - Part 1 (virtual...  )
60. Polymorphism - Part 2 (pure virtual function, abstract class) (   • C++ basics: Polymorphism - Part 2 (pure vi...  )
61. Polymorphism - Part 3 (dynamic binding) (   • C++ basics: Polymorphism - Part 3 (dynamic...  )

62. Function and Class Template (   • C++: Function templates and Class Templates  )