Circulatory System | B.Sc. Zoology 5th Semester | Paper-2nd | Unit-7 | NEP-2020

Heart:

The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
In humans and other vertebrates, the heart is divided into four chambers: two atria (upper chambers) and two ventricles (lower chambers).
The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs (pulmonary circulation), while the left side pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body (systemic circulation).
Blood Vessels: Blood vessels are the network of tubes that carry blood throughout the body. There are three main types of blood vessels:

Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart (except the pulmonary artery, which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs).
Veins: Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart (except the pulmonary veins, which carry oxygenated blood from the lungs).
Capillaries: Tiny, thin-walled vessels that allow for the exchange of gases, nutrients, and waste products between blood and tissues.

The human circulatory system is a closed, double circulatory system, consisting of:

Pulmonary Circulation: Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs, where it is oxygenated.
Systemic Circulation: Oxygenated blood is carried from the left side of the heart to the body tissues, where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged with waste products.

Cardiac output: The volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute.
Hemoglobin: A protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it through the bloodstream.
Lymphatic system: A network of vessels that carries lymph (a fluid containing white blood cells) and plays a role in immune defense and fluid balance.
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