A tour of the Great Pyramid of Giza | Pyramid of Cheops aka Khufu | Trip to Kairo, Egypt 2021

The Cheops Pyramid is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids of Giza and is therefore also called the "Great Pyramid". The tallest pyramid in the world was built as a tomb for the Egyptian king (pharaoh) Cheops (ancient Egyptian Chufu), who ruled during the 4th Dynasty in the Old Kingdom (about 2620 to 2580 BC). Together with the neighboring pyramids of the pharaohs Khafre and Mykerinos, it is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World that has survived to the present day. As a building site Cheops did not choose the royal necropolis of Dahshur like his predecessor Snofru, but the Giza plateau.
In ancient Egypt the pyramid complex was called Achet Chufu ("Horizon of Cheops"). Its original side length is calculated at 230.33 m and the height at 146.59 m (about 280 cubits). Thus, it was the tallest structure in the world for about four thousand years. Since it was used as a quarry in later times, its height is still 138.75 m today. Its measurement was made in very high accuracy, which was not reached in the following buildings. It is precisely aligned with the four cardinal points, and the difference in the lengths of its four sides is less than one per mille. The building material used was mainly locally occurring limestone. Granite was used for some chambers. The facing of the pyramid was originally made of white Tura limestone, which was almost completely removed in the Middle Ages.
On the north side there is the original entrance and inside there is a chamber system consisting of three main chambers: the rock chamber in the grown rock, the so-called queen chamber a little higher in the core masonry and the so-called king chamber above the large gallery with the sarcophagus in which the king was probably buried. No body or grave goods were found. The pyramid was obviously looted at the latest in the Middle Ages, probably already in pharaonic times. The function of the individual chamber systems in the Cheops pyramid is unclear in many respects. The spatial program probably reflects religious ideas, such as the idea of the ascension of the dead king to heaven: initially to the imperishable stars of the northern sky, then to the land of light, the realms of Re in the sky.
On the east side of the pyramid is the mortuary temple, of which only the foundations are preserved today. Almost nothing is preserved of the way up and the valley temple. In the adjacent eastern cemetery the nearer relatives of Cheops were buried. Among them are several large mastabas mainly for his sons and their wives as well as three queen pyramids, whose assignment to individual queens and princesses cannot be made without doubt so far. A fourth, smaller pyramid served as a cult pyramid for the king. In the west a cemetery of smaller mastabas was built, mainly for high officials. Seven boat pits were discovered in the vicinity of the Cheops pyramid, two of them still intact and sealed. The king's barque, disassembled into 1224 individual parts, restored and reassembled, has been on display in the Boat Museum since 1982. The significance of the king's boats is still unclear. Perhaps they are related to burial or to certain ideas of the afterlife.
Already ancient historians dealt with the Cheops pyramid, especially Herodotus, who lived more than 2,000 years after the construction of the pyramids, got his information partly from dubious sources and wrote from the point of view of a Greek. With him took up to this day continuing errors and confusions about the pyramid their beginning. From the 15th century it was the destination of European travelers and from the 18th century of research expeditions. At the latest, the investigations of Flinders Petrie, founder of modern Egyptian archaeology, refuted numerous mythical ideas. In more recent times, the shafts of the Queen's Chamber in particular have been the subject of investigations.
Of particular interest to the logistics of building the Pyramid of Cheops are papyrus fragments discovered in 2013 in Wadi al-Garf. Among them was a logbook of an inspector named Merer, who led a work party that shipped stones from the Tura quarry to Giza for the construction of the Cheops pyramid (Papyrus Jarf A and B). These papyrus finds provide for the first time an "inside" picture of the administration of the early Old Kingdom.
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English title: A tour of the Great Pyramid of Giza | Pyramid of Cheops aka Khufu | Trip to Kairo, Egypt 2021
#GreatPyramid #Cheops #Giza