Skull Bumps: The History of Phrenology

Can you tell about a person based on their skull shape? Phrenologists thought so! Phrenology maps resulted from what was first a scientific attempt at brain localization of functions and personality, and later, became a pseudoscience of racist classification of skulls and carnival tricks of ready bumps on heads.

Step Back History's Scientific Racism video:    • What is Scientific Racism?  

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References for this episode:
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1c...

Creative Commons pictures:
Spurzheim portrait: Wellcome Collection: CC By 4.0
https://wellcomecollection.org/works/...

Combe portrait: Wellcome Collection: CC By 4.0
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https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:C... (Brain damage illustration)
Info for the original picture Patrick J. Lynch; illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe; MD; cardiologist
Yale University Center for Advanced Instructional Media
Medical Illustrations by Patrick Lynch, generated for multimedia teaching projects by the Yale University School of Medicine, Center for Advanced Instructional Media, 1987-2000.
Patrick J. Lynch, http://patricklynch.net Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License 2006; no usage restrictions except please preserve our creative credits: Patrick J. Lynch, medical illustrator; C. Carl Jaffe, MD, cardiologist. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...

https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
By Van Horn JD, Irimia A, Torgerson CM, Chambers MC, Kikinis R, et al. - Van Horn JD, Irimia A, Torgerson CM, Chambers MC, Kikinis R, et al. (2012) Mapping Connectivity Damage in the Case of Phineas Gage. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37454. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0037454, CC BY 2.5, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...

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By Mk2010 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...

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Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-30): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... CC-BY-4.0

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By User:Bastin (auteur original)User:Antoby - Wikipédia Anglais - English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index...

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Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-21): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... CC-BY-4.0

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Gallery: http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/i...
Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-21): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... CC-BY-4.0

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Gallery: http://wellcomeimages.org/indexplus/i...
Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-21): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... CC-BY-4.0

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Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-03-29): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... CC-BY-4.0

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Wellcome Collection gallery (2018-04-03): https://wellcomecollection.org/works/... CC-BY-4.0