Topology for Beginners: Introduction

https://sites.google.com/site/richard...

See how to design beautifully complex shapes, and 3D print them easily
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Topology is one the most important and interesting subjects in mathematics. Since topology is is hardly taught at school, I thought I'd make some lessons about it. The material is accessible to everybody, and will hopefully be educational for children and adults alike. Some of these problems are great for expanding the mind and practicing visualization.

Topology is sometimes called `rubber-sheet geometry'. If we can change one object into another by continuous deformations (bending, stretching twisting, but not cutting or gluing) then we think of them as being the same. In topology a rubber duck is the same as a tennis ball (because you can continuously deform one into the other). A doughnut, on the other hand, is different from a ball because you cannot deform away the hole.

I'm happy to answer questions