Classical Test Theory & Item Response Theory

Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) are two different approaches to assessing the psychometric properties of tests or assessments.

1. Classical Test Theory (CTT):
CTT is a traditional and simpler approach to test analysis.
It focuses on the observed scores of individuals on a test and the relationships between those scores.
Key concepts in CTT include the test score, reliability, and validity.
Reliability measures how consistent the test results are over repeated administrations, while validity assesses whether the test measures what it's intended to measure.
CTT assumes that observed scores consist of both the true score and measurement error, which can affect the interpretation of test results.

2. Item Response Theory (IRT):
IRT is a more advanced and sophisticated approach to test analysis.
It focuses on the characteristics of individual test items and the responses they elicit.
IRT models examine the probability of a person's response to an item based on their latent trait (ability) and the item's properties (difficulty and discrimination).
IRT can provide more detailed information about item performance, such as item difficulty and item discrimination, and allows for creating item banks that can be used in computerized adaptive testing (CAT).
IRT models are advantageous when dealing with tests with items of varying difficulty or when comparing individuals with different ability levels.

In summary, while both CTT and IRT are used in the field of educational and psychological assessment, IRT is considered more flexible and informative, especially when dealing with tests with complex item structures and varying levels of difficulty. However, CTT is still commonly used and provides valuable insights into test reliability and validity. The choice between CTT and IRT depends on the specific testing context and goals.

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