#Opencast

DJ Deshmukh EMT-1
Elements of Mining Technology
EMT-2 EMT-3
EMT-II. EMT-III


Open-pit mining, also known as opencast mining, is a surface mining technique that extracts minerals from an open pit in the ground. Open-pit mining is the most common method used throughout the world for mineral mining and does not require extractive methods or tunnels. This surface mining technique is used when mineral or ore deposits are found relatively close
Materials commonly extracted from open-pit mines include:
Bitumen
Clay
Coal
Copper
Coquina
Diamonds
Iron
Gold
Gravel and Bedrock
Granite
Gritstone
Gypsum
Limestone
Marble
Molybdenum
Silver
Uranium
Phosphate
The term SPACING denotes the lateral distance on centers between holes in a row. The BURDEN is the distance from a single row to the face of the excavation, or between rows in the usual case where rows are fired in sequence.
In any open pit mining, rock fragmentation size is very important parameters for economical point of view because of its direct effects on the costs of drilling, blasting, loading, secondary blasting and crushing. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the rock fragment size is determined on the basis of field data and using Fragalyst
Fragmentation in a blast is the outcome of interactions between several static, dynamic and kinetic parameters of the material being blasted and detonation of explosives 10 . Prasad et al. 11 stated that the factors influencing rock fragmentation can be classified as controllable and non-controllable parameters. Controllable parameters are blast design and geometry and encompass input parameters like burden, spacing, bench height, stemming length, diameter of hole, delay sequence, explosive charge per delay, firing pattern, and powder factor. ...

Drilling and blasting is the controlled use of explosives and other methods, such as gas pressure blasting pyrotechnics, to break rock for excavation. It is practiced most often in mining, quarrying and civil engineering such as dam, tunnel or road construction. The result of rock blasting is often known as a rock cut.