Conspiracy – Civil & Criminal Conspiracy Explained with Case Laws | UPSC & CLAT PG

In this lecture, we take up Conspiracy — an intentional tort that involves an agreement between two or more persons to cause harm.
Conspiracy is a unique civil wrong because it sits at the intersection of Tort Law and Criminal Law, blending intent, agreement, and resulting damage.
It’s a crucial topic for UPSC Law Optional, CLAT PG, Judiciary, UGC-NET Law, and LL.B./LL.M. examinations.

What You’ll Learn:


Meaning and Nature of the Tort of Conspiracy


Historical Background – evolution from English common law


Essentials of Conspiracy:
1️⃣ Agreement between two or more persons
2️⃣ Intention to cause harm or injury
3️⃣ Execution of the unlawful act or lawful act by unlawful means
4️⃣ Resulting damage to the plaintiff


Types of Conspiracy:


Criminal Conspiracy – agreement to commit a crime


Civil Conspiracy – agreement causing damage through unlawful or malicious means




Distinction between Civil and Criminal Conspiracy


Case Laws:


Crofter Hand Woven Harris Tweed Co. Ltd. v. Veitch


Mogul Steamship Co. v. McGregor Gow & Co.


Quinn v. Leathem


Lonrho Ltd. v. Shell Petroleum Co. Ltd.


Rohtas Industries Ltd. v. Rohtas Industries Staff Union (Indian Position)


Sardar Amrik Singh v. Union of India




Defences available in conspiracy cases


Modern interpretation of conspiracy in economic and competition law contexts


This lecture connects classical tortious principles with modern corporate and labour law implications, giving students a conceptual and practical understanding of this often-overlooked tort.

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