Epistemology

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Foundationalism — A theory of justification stating that all knowledge and justified belief ultimately rest on basic, noninferential beliefs.

Coherentism — The view that beliefs are justified by their coherence within a system of mutually supporting beliefs.

Fallibilism — The position that all human knowledge is subject to possible error and revision.

Internalism — The stance that justification for a belief requires the believer’s conscious access to reasons or evidence.

Gettier Problem — The challenge to defining knowledge as justified true belief by showing cases where these conditions hold but knowledge seems absent.