MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE | Lecture 8 | Full Chapter Revision | Class 12th NEET By ST Sir

#DNA #Genetics #BiologyShorts
MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE | Lecture 8 | Full Chapter Revision | Class 12th NEET By ST Sir
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MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE | Lecture 8 | Full Chapter Revision | Class 12th NEET By ST Sir
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1. Introduction & Context

What is inheritance at molecular level?
Inheritance is the transmission of genetic information from cell to cell or generation to generation. The molecular basis involves DNA, RNA, proteins, and the processes of replication, transcription, translation, and regulation.

Why is this topic important in NEET?
This chapter is high yield. According to NEETprep, typically ~ 5 questions come from this chapter.
Historical experiments that proved DNA (not protein) is genetic material:

Griffith’s experiment (Transformation)
– “R” strain + heat-killed “S” → live “S” → suggested “transforming principle”

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty
– Showed transforming principle is DNA

Hershey-Chase experiment
– Using phages labeled with ^32P (DNA) and ^35S (protein) → DNA enters bacterial cells

Chargaff’s rules
– Amount of A = T, G = C

Meselson–Stahl experiment
– Showed semiconservative replication
DNA Replication
Characteristics
Semiconservative
Bidirectional
Involves many enzymes, origin(s) of replication
Key Enzymes / Proteins
Helicase: unwinds DNA
Primase: makes RNA primers
DNA polymerase: adds nucleotides (5′→3′)
Ligase: joins Okazaki fragments
Topoisomerase: relieves supercoiling
Leading & lagging strand, Okazaki fragments
Proofreading, error correction
----------------------------------------------------
Transcription & RNA
Concept
Transcription = making RNA copy from DNA template
Types of RNA
mRNA, tRNA, rRNA
Process
Initiation, elongation, termination
In prokaryotes vs eukaryotes (introns, exons, RNA processing in eukaryotes)
Promoters, transcription factors, RNA polymerase
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