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Experiment: Measurement of Combined Resistance of Three 10 kΩ Resistors in Series Using Breadboard, Multimeter, Color Codes, and Theoretical Calculations
Experiment: Measurement of Combined Resistance of Three 10 kΩ Resistors in Series Using Breadboard, Multimeter, Color Codes, and Theoretical Calculations
1. Objective
To connect three 10 kΩ resistors in series on a breadboard and determine their total resistance using:
Multimeter measurement
Color band identification
Theoretical calculations (series formula)

2. Apparatus Required
Breadboard
Three resistors (each 10 kΩ)
Digital multimeter
Connecting jumper wires
3. Theory
3.1 Resistors in Series
When resistors are connected in series, the same current flows through each resistor. Their resistances simply add up.
Formula:
total=R1+R2+R3
For three 10 kΩ resistors:
3.2 Resistor Color Code

A 10 kΩ (10,000 Ω) resistor typically has the color bands:
Brown (1)
Black (0)
Orange multiplier (×1000)
Gold tolerance ±5%
4. Procedure
4.1 Breadboard Connection
Insert the first 10 kΩ resistor across two points on the breadboard.
Insert the second resistor such that one leg connects to the free leg of the first resistor.
Insert the third resistor in the same manner, forming a chain.
Connect the free ends of the first and third resistors to two breadboard terminals for multimeter probing.

8. Conclusion
The experiment verified that resistors in series simply add up their individual resistances. The measured value using a multimeter closely matched the theoretical total resistance of 30 kΩ, proving the correctness of both breadboard connection and resistor specifications.

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