Satellite internet constellations

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Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) – High-speed communication channels (often laser-based) that connect satellites directly with one another, reducing reliance on ground stations and lowering latency.

Phased Array Antenna – An electronically steerable antenna system used on both satellites and user terminals, enabling dynamic beam steering without physically moving the hardware.

Orbital Shell – A designated altitude band within low Earth orbit (LEO) where satellites are deployed in coordinated patterns to form part of a constellation.

Latency Floor – The theoretical minimum signal delay imposed by the speed of light and orbital geometry in satellite communications, critical for real-time internet performance.

Spectrum Coordination – The process of managing and negotiating frequency bands among multiple satellite operators and regulatory agencies to minimize interference and maximize network efficiency.