Leonardo da Vinci 列奧納多·達·芬奇 (1452-1519) Renaissance Italian

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Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci (April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519) was an Italian polymath, having been a scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, painter, sculptor, architect, botanist, musician and writer. Born as the illegitimate son of a notary, Piero da Vinci, and a peasant girl, Caterina, at Vinci in the region of Florence, Leonardo was educated in the studio of the renowned Florentine painter, Verrocchio. Much of his earlier working life was spent in the service of Ludovico il Moro in Milan. He later worked in Rome, Bologna and Venice, spending his final years in France at the home given to him by King François I.
Leonardo has often been described as the archetype of the "Renaissance man", a man whose seemingly infinite curiosity was equalled only by his powers of invention. He is widely considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived.
It is primarily as a painter that Leonardo was and is renowned. Two of his works, the Mona Lisa and The Last Supper occupy unique positions as the most famous, most reproduced and most parodied portrait and religious painting of all time, their fame approached only by Michelangelo's Creation of Adam. Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is also iconic. Perhaps fifteen of his paintings survive, the small number due to his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination. Nevertheless, these few works together with his notebooks, which contain drawings, scientific diagrams, and his thoughts on the nature of painting, comprise a contribution to later generations of artists only rivalled by that of his contemporary, Michelangelo.
As an engineer, Leonardo's ideas were vastly ahead of his time. He conceptualised a helicopter, a tank, concentrated solar power, a calculator, the double hull and outlined a rudimentary theory of plate tectonics. Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime, but some of his smaller inventions, such as an automated bobbin winder and a machine for testing the tensile strength of wire, entered the world of manufacturing unheralded.[d] As a scientist, he greatly advanced the state of knowledge in the fields of anatomy, civil engineering, optics, and hydrodynamics. (From Wikipedia)
列奧納多·迪·皮耶羅·達·芬奇（1452年4月15日 - 1519年5月2日）是一位意大利的博學家，曾是科學家，數學家，工程師，發明家，解剖學家，畫家，雕塑家，建築師，植物學家，音樂家和作家。萊昂納多出生於佛羅倫薩地區的文西，出生於公證人皮耶羅·達·芬奇（Piero da Vinci）和一個農民女孩卡特琳娜（Caterina）的私生子，曾在佛羅倫薩著名畫家維羅基奧（Verrocchio）的工作室接受教育。他以前的工作生涯大部分時間都是在米蘭的盧多維科·莫羅（Ludovico il Moro）服務的。後來他在羅馬，博洛尼亞和威尼斯工作，在法國國王弗朗索瓦一世給他的家中度過了最後的歲月。
萊昂納多經常被形容為“文藝復興時期的男人”的原型，一個看似無限好奇心的人，只能等同於他的發明能力。他被廣泛認為是有史以來最偉大的畫家之一，也許是有史以來最多才多藝的人。
萊昂納多當時是主要的畫家，而且是著名的。他的兩幅作品“蒙娜麗莎”和“最後的晚餐”以其獨特的地位，成為有史以來最著名，最複製，最摹仿的肖像畫和宗教畫，他們的名氣僅靠米開朗基羅的“亞當之創造”來接近。列奧納多的維特魯威人的繪畫也是標誌性的。也許他的作品中有十五幅存活下來，由於他不斷的，經常災難性的新技術的實驗，以及他的慢性拖沓，這個數字很小。儘管如此，這些少數作品與他的筆記本一起，其中包含繪畫，科學圖表和關於繪畫本質的想法，這些作品都是對當代藝術家米開朗琪羅才能與之相媲美的後代藝術家的貢獻。
作為一名工程師，萊昂納多的想法遠遠超越了他的時代。他概念化了直升機，坦克，集中的太陽能，計算器，雙殼，並概述了一個板塊構造的基本理論。他的設計相對較少，甚至在他的一生中是可行的，但他的一些較小的發明，如自動絡筒機和一台用於測試鋼絲拉伸強度的機器，已經進入了製造業的世界。[d] As他是一位科學家，他極大地提高了解剖學，土木工程，光學和流體力學領域的知識水平。