Congestive Heart Failure | Definition, Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Management | RRB NORCET ESIC KGMU

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) – Definition, Causes, Signs & Symptoms, Management

Definition
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), also known as heart failure, is a chronic condition in which the heart can’t pump blood efficiently to meet the body's needs. It may affect one or both sides of the heart, leading to fluid congestion in the lungs and tissues.
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Cleveland Clinic

Causes
CHF often develops from underlying conditions, including:

Coronary artery disease or previous heart attack

Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Valvular heart disease (e.g., stenosis, regurgitation)

Cardiomyopathy (including dilated types)

Arrhythmias, infections, congenital defects, and excessive alcohol or drug use

Other contributing factors: diabetes, obesity, thyroid or kidney disease, anemia, certain medications (e.g. NSAIDs)
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Verywell Health

Signs & Symptoms
CHF typically presents with:

Shortness of breath (especially on exertion or when lying flat)

Fatigue, weakness, reduced exercise tolerance

Fluid retention: swelling in ankles, legs, abdomen; rapid weight gain

Persistent cough (often worse at night), wheezing

Jugular vein distension, nausea, appetite loss, confusion, frequent urination at night
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www.heart.org
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Verywell Health
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The Times of India

Management
Multifaceted care includes:

Lifestyle Modifications

Sodium and fluid restriction

Daily weight monitoring and leg elevation to combat edema

Moderate physical activity (as tolerated); bed rest if severe symptoms

Address sleep apnea if present (e.g., CPAP)
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Wikipedia
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The Times of India
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Medications

Diuretics (e.g., loop diuretics) to reduce fluid overload

ACE inhibitors or ARBs, and newer ARNIs (e.g., sacubitril/valsartan) to improve survival and heart remodeling

Beta‑blockers (e.g., bisoprolol, metoprolol, carvedilol) to reduce heart workload

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists like spironolactone for severe cases

SGLT2 inhibitors as part of modern therapy for reduced ejection fraction CHF
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Wikipedia
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www.heart.org
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Wikipedia

Device Therapy & Advanced Interventions

Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) for selected patients to improve coordination of heartbeats

Pacemakers or implantable defibrillators (ICDs) in arrhythmia-prone cases

In advanced cases, ventricular assist devices (VADs) or heart transplantation may be required
Verywell Health

Monitoring & Supportive Care

Track fluid balance and body weight to detect early decompensation

Consider palliative care early in advanced stages to manage symptoms and quality of life

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In this video, we explain Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in a simple and exam-focused way. This video is especially useful for RRB Staff Nurse, NORCET, ESIC, BHU, GMCH, KGMU, SGPGI and other nursing/medical competitive exams.

Topics covered:

CHF definition & pathophysiology

Causes and risk factors

Signs & symptoms

Diagnosis & investigations

Nursing management & pharmacology

Important exam MCQs on CHF

👉 Perfect for nursing exam preparation 2025.

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