Geography Chapter 5 Questions

Explanations:

1. ☀️ The Sun is the primary energy source driving all weather phenomena through heating Earth's surface and atmosphere. Ocean currents, volcanic activity, and vegetation are secondary factors influenced by solar energy.

2. 🗺 Latitude determines solar insolation as locations closer to the equator receive more direct sunlight year-round. Altitude, ocean currents, and vegetation affect local conditions but latitude is the primary control.

3. 🔢 Earth's axis tilts 23.5° from perpendicular to its orbital plane, creating the tropics at 23.5° N/S and causing seasons. The other angles would create different seasonal patterns.

4. ⭐️ Equinoxes occur when the sun is directly over the equator, creating equal day and night globally. Solstices have unequal day/night lengths, while eclipses and perihelion are different phenomena.

5. 📋 June 21 marks the summer solstice when the Northern Hemisphere tilts maximally toward the sun. March 21 and September 23 are equinoxes, December 22 is winter solstice.

6. ❄️ The environmental lapse rate averages 6.5°C per 1000m in the troposphere. The 10°C rate is for dry adiabatic, 5°C for wet adiabatic, and 3°C is not a standard rate.

7. 📈 Unsaturated air cools at 10°C per 1000m when rising due to expansion without condensation. The lower rates apply to saturated air or environmental conditions.

8. 🔥 Latent heat released during condensation partially offsets cooling in saturated air. Wind resistance, mountains, and oceans don't directly affect adiabatic rates.

9. 🌿 Dega (2,300-3,200m) is the cool to humid highland zone. Kola is lower/warmer, Wurch is higher/colder, and Bereha is hot lowland.

10. 🔥 Bereha zones have mean annual temperatures exceeding 25°C in hot arid lowlands below 500m elevation. The other ranges correspond to higher, cooler zones.

11. 🔄 The ITCZ's seasonal migration controls rainfall by bringing convergence and moisture. Typhoons don't affect Ethiopia, El Niño is secondary, mountains modify but don't create the pattern.

12. 🌊 Equatorial Westerlies (Guinea Monsoon) bring moisture from the Atlantic during summer. Northeast Trade Winds are dry, mountain/polar winds are local/irrelevant.

13. ☀️ June-September is the main summer rainy season (Kiremt) when the ITCZ is north. March-May is spring (Belg), October-November is autumn, December-February is winter.

14. 🔥 Afar lowlands receive winter rain from northeasterlies crossing the Red Sea. Central/southwestern highlands get summer rain, western lowlands receive year-round rain.

15. 📈 Kola zone (500-1,500m) covers 52.94% of Ethiopia's landmass, making it the largest agro-climatic zone. The other percentages correspond to different zones.

16. ☀️ Woina Dega has 15-20°C mean annual temperature at 1,500-2,300m elevation. Below 10°C is Wurch/Dega, 10-15°C is Dega, 20-25°C is Kola.

17. 🌡 Ethiopia has warmed 0.2-0.28°C per decade over the past 40-50 years. The higher rates would indicate more severe warming than observed.

18. 🎖 Ethiopia ranks 5th out of 184 countries in drought risk, indicating very high vulnerability. Rankings of 1st or 2nd would be even higher, while 10th would be lower risk.

19. 🌸 Southern, southwestern, and southeastern regions showed 15-20% rainfall decline affecting spring/summer rainfall areas. Northern highlands and central plateaus had different patterns.

20. 🔄 Earth's orbital changes including tilt variations affect seasonal intensity over long timescales. Ocean currents, volcanoes, and deforestation are different mechanisms.

21. 📈 CO₂ increased from 280 ppm (pre-industrial) to 400 ppm currently due to human activities. The other ranges don't reflect actual measurements.

22. 🔥 Methane is far more potent as a greenhouse gas per molecule than CO₂ despite lower atmospheric concentration. Water vapor and other gases have different properties.

23. 🦠 Malaria incidence increases with climate change through expanded mosquito habitats. Heart disease, Alzheimer's, and osteoporosis have indirect or no climate links.

24. ❄️ Climate change causes glacier melting (sea level rise) and intensifies both droughts and floods. It doesn't increase water availability everywhere or stabilize flows.

25. 🌱 Mitigation reduces greenhouse gas emissions at the source. Adaptation adjusts to changes, resilience builds capacity to withstand impacts, reconstruction follows damage.

26. ☀️ Solar energy is a key renewable mitigation strategy. Natural gas, coal, and oil are fossil fuels that emit greenhouse gases.

27. 🌊 Flood defenses are adaptation infrastructure protecting against climate impacts. Factories, refineries, and car production don't constitute climate adaptation.

28. 🌳 Reforestation and landscape restoration sequester carbon and restore ecosystems. Urban expansion, industrial development, and road construction typically increase emissions.

29. 🌊 Southwestern Ethiopia receives rain year-round from equatorial westerlies. Summer, winter, and spring rainfall regions have distinct ...