GREEN BUILDINGS AND STANDARDS | HOME SCIENCE | LEC 44 | UGC NET | BY ADITI MAAM

GREEN BUILDINGS AND STANDARDS | HOME SCIENCE | LEC 44 | UGC NET | BY ADITI MAAM

Green Building Standards

Buildings have extensive direct and indirect impacts on the environment. During their construction, occupancy, renovation, repurposing, and demolition, buildings use energy, water, and raw materials, generate waste, and emit potentially harmful atmospheric emissions. These facts prompted the creation of green building standards, certifications, and rating systems aimed at mitigating the impact of buildings on the natural environment through sustainable design.

The push toward sustainable design increased with the launch of Building Research Establishment's Environmental Assessment Method (BREEAM), the first green building rating system in the world. The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) followed suit and developed and released criteria also aimed at improving the environmental performance of buildings through its Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) rating system for new construction. LEED has continued to grow in prominence and now includes rating systems for existing buildings, interiors, and entire neighborhoods. Others also responded to the growing interest and demand for sustainable design including the Green Building Initiative (GBI), which was created to assist the National Association of Homebuilders (NAHB) in promoting its Green Building Guidelines for Residential Structures. Originally developed for Canada, GBI helped to make Green Globes available for use in the U.S. Additional rating systems have been developed that were influenced by these early programs but are tailored to their own national priorities and requirements or seek to go beyond the limits of current policy and building practices to address broader issues of sustainability such as net zero energy, living, regenerative, and restorative building concepts that improve the natural environment, or those that model nature's processes.

Green product standards have been in the marketplace since the 1980s and continue to increase in scope and number. Initially, many green product standards were developed in response to growing concerns for product toxicity and its impact on children's health and indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Today, when growing concerns over climate change and resource depletion are more prominent and supported by research, the number and type of green product standards and certifications continue to grow. The focus has also expanded to include a broader range of environmental issues and the impacts of products during their manufacture, use, and reuse. While there is still no universal definition of a green product, these products are intended to meet claims that they offer environmental benefits and adhere to certain standards. (See also Optimize Building Space and Material Use)

There is a proliferation of standards, rating, and certification programs in the marketplace to help guide, demonstrate, and document efforts to deliver sustainable, high-performance buildings. There are hundreds of green product certifications in the world, many in use in the U.S., and the numbers continue to grow (Source: BuildingGreen). There are also green building rating programs in use around the world and they vary in their approach with some outlining prerequisites and optional credits, while others take a prescriptive approach, and still others suggest performance-based requirements that can be met in different ways for different products and project types. As a result, it can be challenging and time consuming determining which standards, certifications, and rating programs are most credible and applicable to a particular project. This page provides an introduction to some commonly used terms and an overview of the most widely recognized green building product standards, and building rating and certification programs currently in use with an emphasis on how they vary and some of the issues to consider when selecting them.

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