The Art of C++ Build System Orchestration

The report presents an exhaustive analysis of C++ build system orchestration, viewing the transformation of source code into an executable program as a multi-layered symphony of processes. It begins by examining the fundamental pipeline physics, detailing the distinct functions of the preprocessor, compiler, and linker in assembling translation units and resolving symbols. The document then charts the progression of build automation, contrasting legacy Makefiles with modern meta-build systems like CMake, high-speed executors such as Ninja, and large-scale orchestrators like Bazel. Crucial sections address the external logistics of dependency management, outlining how tools like Conan and vcpkg handle binary compatibility, alongside the complexities of cross-compilation for varying target environments. Ultimately, the text explores advanced optimizations like distributed compilation and concludes by discussing how the arrival of C++20 Modules will necessitate a complete architectural shift in build graph scanning.